Jiný pohled na etnicitu jako na biologický koncept: Posun antropolgie za koncept rasy

Vol.4,No.4
Rasa

Abstract
Montagu psal o rase jako o „nejnebezpečnějším lidském mýtu“ a Lévi-Strauss ji nazval „prvotním hříchem antropologie“. Přestože po celé 20. století vznikaly nové a nové přesvědčivé argumenty, proč by měl být koncept rasy opuštěn, pro antropology, kteří se zabývají klasifikací lidských populací, zůstává rasa významným problémem. Rasová terminologie se stala trvalým průvodcem antropologických počinů, což lze přičíst zejména tomu, že rasa byla historicky vlastním jádrem antropologického výzkumu. I přes konceptuální neadekvátnost rasy se antropologie dosud neposunula za koncept rasy jakožto explanační nástroje pro chápání biologické variability lidstva, neboť za něj dosud nemá konceptuální a/nebo metodologickou náhradu. Tento článek nově analyzuje historickou antropologickou literaturu o etnicitě a interakcí mezi biologií a kulturou jako náhradou za koncept rasy a přetváří ji v kontextu moderního filozofického a psychologického pohledu na variabilitu lidské populace.

Keywords:
biokulturní; etnicita; lidská variabilita; fyzická antropologie; rasa
References

Atran, S. 1990. Cognitive Foundations of Natural History: Towards an Anthropology of Science. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Billinger, M. S. 2006. „Beyond the Racial Paradigm: New Perspectives on Human Biological Variation“, PhD dissertation, Edmonton: University of Alberta, Department of Anthropology.

Boas, F. 1911. The Mind of Primitive Man. New York: Macmillan.

Boas, F. 1912. „Changes in the Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants.“ American Anthropologist, 14(3): 530–62. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1912.14.3.02a00080

Boas, F. 1940. Race, Language and Culture. New York: Macmillan.

Brace, C. L. 1964a. „A Nonracial Approach Towards the Understanding of Human Diversity.“ In A. Montagu (ed.) The Concept of Race, New York : Free Press, s. 103–152.

Brace, C. L. 1964b. „On the Race Concept.“ Current Antropology, vol. 5(4): 313–320. https://doi.org/10.1086/200502

Cann, R. L.; Stoneking, M.; Wilson, A. C. 1987. „Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution .“ Nature, 325: 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/325031a0

Caspari, R. 2003. „From Types to Populations: A Century of Race, Physical Anthropology, and the American Anthropological Association.“ American Anthropologist, 105(1): 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.65

Collard, M.; Wood, B. 2000. „How Reliable are Human Phylogenetic Hypotheses?“ Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 97(9): 5003–5006. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.9.5003

Corcos, A. F. 1997. The Myth of Human Races. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.

Count, E. W. 1951. „Discussion of “A Consideration of the Concept of Race. In M.F. Ashley Montagu Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 15: 335. https://doi.org/10.1101/SQB.1950.015.01.029

Crews, D. E.; Bindon, J. R. 1991. „Ethnicity as a Taxonomic Tool in Biomedical and Biosocial Research.“ Ethnicity and Disease, 1: 42–9.

Darwin, C. 1871. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: J. Murray. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2092

Darwin, C. 1888. The Descent of Man, 2nd edn. London: J. Murray.

Deniker, J. 1904. The Races of Man: An Outline of Anthropology and Ethnography. London: Walter Scott Publishing Co.

Dobzhansky, T.; Montanu, A.; Coon, C.S. 1963. „Two Views of Coon’s Origin of Races with Comments by Coon and Replies.“ Current Antropology, 4(4): 360–367. https://doi.org/10.1086/200401

Garn, S.M. 1961. Human Races. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas.

Gil-White, F. J. 2001. „Are Ethnic Groups Biological “Species” to the Human Brain? Essentialism in our Cognition of Some Social Categories.“ Current Antropology, 42(4): 515–554. https://doi.org/10.1086/321802

Gravlee, C. C.; Bernard H. R.; Leopard, W. R. 2003. „Heredity, Environment, and Cranial Form: A Reanalysis of Boas’s Immigrant Data.“ American Anthropologist, 105(1): 125–138. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.125

Hacking, I. 1999. The Social Construction of What? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Halloway, R. L. 2002. „Head to Head with Boas: Did He Err on the Plasticity of Head Form?“ Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 99(23): 14622–14623. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.242622399

Harpending, H. C.; Sherry, S. T.; Rogers A. R.; Stoneking, M. 1993. „The Genetic Structure of Ancient Human Populations.“ Current Antropology, 34(4): 483–96. https://doi.org/10.1086/204195

Harrison, G. A. 1969. „The Race Concept in Human Biology.“ In G.A. Harrison, J. Peel (eds) Biosocial Aspects of Race: Proceedings of the 5th Annual Symposium of the Eugenics Society. London, Sept. 1968 (Journal of Biosocial Science, Suppl. No. 1). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. https://doi.org/10.2307/2798815

Harrison, G. A.; Peel, J. (eds) 1969. Biosocial Aspects of Race: Proceedings of the 5th Annual Symposium of the Eugenics Society. London, Sept. 1968 (Journal of Biosocial Science, Suppl. No. 1). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. https://doi.org/10.2307/2798815

Hawks, J.; Wolpoff, M. H. 2003. „Sixty Years of Modern Hum an Origins in the American Anthropological Association.“ American Anthropologist, 105(1): 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.89

Hirschfeld, L. A. 1996. Race in the Making: Cognition, Culture, and the Child’s Construction of Human Kinds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Hirschfeld, L. A. 1998. „Natural Assumptions – Race, Essence and Taxonomies of Human Kinds.“ Social Research, 65(2): 331–50.

Hooton, E. A. (1940) Why Men Behave Like Apes, and Vice Versa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Hooton, E. A. 1946. Up From the Ape. New York: Macmillan.

Hulse, F. S. 1969. „Ethnic, Caste and Genetic Miscegenation.“ In G.A. Harrison, J. Peel (eds) Biosocial Aspects of Race: Proceedings of the 5th Annual Symposium of the Eugenics Society. London, Sept. 1968 (Journal of Biosocial Science, Suppl. No. 1). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, s. 31–41

Huxley, J. S. 1938. „Clines: An Auxiliary Taxonomic Principle.“ Nature, 42: 219. https://doi.org/10.1038/142219a0

Huxley, J. S. 1939. „Clines: An Auxiliary Method in Taxonomy.“ Bijdragen tot de dierkunde, 27: 491–520.

Huxley, J.; Haddon, A. C. 1935. We Europeans: A Survey of ‘Racial’ Problems. London: Jonathan Cape.

Kitcher, P. 2003. In Mendel’s Mirror: Philosophical Reflections on Biology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lévi-Strauss, C. 1958. Race and History. Paris: UNESCO.

Lewontin, R. C. 1991. Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA. Concord, Ont.: Anansi Press.

Livingstone, F. B. 1962. „On the Non-existence of Human Races.“ Current Antropology, 3(3): 279–81. https://doi.org/10.1086/200290

Macbeth, H. 1993. „Ethnicity and Human Biology. In M. Chapman (ed.) Social and Biological Aspects of Ethnicity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, s. 47–84.

Marks, J. 2000. „Ashley Montagu, 1905–1999.“ Evolutionary Antropology, 9(3): 111–112. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:3<111::AID-EVAN1>3.0.CO;2-0

Martin, G. W. 1963. „Concerning Ashley Montagu and the Term “Race”.“ American Anthropologist, 65(2): 402–403. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1963.65.2.02a00200

Mayr, E. 1997. This is Biology. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

Mayr, E. 2004. „Happy Birthday: 80 Years of Watching the Evolutionary Skenery.“ Science, 305(5680): 46–47. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1100561

Milan, A.; Hamm, B. 2004. „Mixed Unions.“ Canadian Social Trends. Statistics Canada – Catalogue, 11–008.

Molnar, S. 2002. Human Variation: Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Montagu, A. 1941. „The Concept of Race in the Human Species in the Light of Genetics.“ Journal of Heredity, 32: 243–247. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a105051

Montagu, A. 1942a. Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race. New York: Columbia University Press.

Montagu, A. 1942b. „The Genetical Theory of Race, and Anthropological Metod.“ American Anthropologist, 44(3): 369–75. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1942.44.3.02a00030

Montagu, A. 1945. „Some Anthropological Terms: A Study in the Sytematics of Confusion.“ American Anthropologist, 47(1): 119–33. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1945.47.1.02a00070

Montagu, A. 1962. „The Concept of Race.“ American Anthropologist, 65(5): 919–928. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1962.64.5.02a00020

Montagu, A. 1963. „Regarding Montagu’s Use of “Ethnic Group.“ American Anthropologist, 65(6): 1352–1353. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1963.65.6.02a00120

Montagu, A. 1965. „On the Concept, “Ethnic Groups.“ Current Antropology, 6(3): 326. https://doi.org/10.1086/200605

Montagu, A. 1997. Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race. 6th edn. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.

Polgar, S. 1964. „An Operational Approach to “Race.“ American Anthropologist, 66(2): 423–426. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1964.66.2.02a00240

Richerson, P. J.; Boyd, R. 2005. Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226712130.001.0001

Schwartz, M.; Wiggins, O.; Norka, M. 1995. „Prototypes, Ideal Types, and Personality.“ Disorders: The Return to Classical Phenomenology, s. 417–432. Livesley (ed.) The DSMIV Personality Disorders. New York: Guilford Press.

Sparks, C. S.; Jantz, R.L. 2002. „A Reassessment of Human Cranial Plasticity: Boas Revisited.“ Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 99(23): 14636–14639. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.222389599

Weber, M. 1949. [1903–1917] The Methodology of the Social Science. New York: Free Press.

Weber, M. 1998. Metodologie, sociologie a politika. Praha: Oikoymenh, s. 44.

Wilson, R. A. 2004. „Critical Review of Philip Kitcher’s.“ In Mendel’s Mirror: Philosophical Reflections on Biology’, Human Nature Review, 4: 1–13.

Wolpoff, M. H.; Caspari, R. 1997. Race and Human Evolution. New York: Simon and Schuster .

Wolpoff, M. H.; Caspari, R. 2000. „Multiregional, Not Multiple Origins.“ American Journal of Physical Antropology, 112(1): 129–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200005)112:1<129::AID-AJPA11>3.0.CO;2-K

Wolpoff, M. H.; Xinzhi, W.; Thorne, A. 1984. „Modern Homo Sapiens Origins: A General Theory of Hominid Evolution Involving the Fossil Evidence from East Asia.“ In F.H.

Smith, F. Spencer (eds) The Origins of Modern Humans: A World Survey of the Fossil Evidence. New York: Alan R. Liss, s. 441–483.

Metrics

0

Crossref logo

0


596

Views

535

PDF (Čeština) views