Vzhled jako kognitivní zkratka v politickém uvažování: Experimentální studie vlivu stereotypů na hodnocení politiků v prostředí se silnou přítomností politických témat

Roč.11,č.1
Bílá místa

Abstrakt
Tento experimentální výzkum navazuje na studie zaměřené na vliv vzhledu kandidáta na volební rozhodování voličů a adaptuje dané téma na české podmínky. Vzhled je důležitým zdrojem stereotypů, jež mohou voliči využít jako informace potřebné k výběru politického kandidáta. Na rozdíl od většiny dostupné literatury není důraz v této studii kladen pouze na vizuální stránku kandidátů, ale především na jejich pozice v politických tématech. Zkoumán je efekt stereotypů spojených s etnicitou, věkem a tělesnou hmotností kandidáta v prostředí bohatém na informace o politických postojích kandidáta. Ukazuje se, že klíčový vliv na volební rozhodnutí mají politická témata, nikoliv vzhled kandidáta. V kontextu volby s přítomností politických témat jako důležitého prvku informovanosti voličů tedy prostor pro působení stereotypů odvozených ze vzhledu politiků výrazně klesá.

Klíčová slova:
vzhled; stereotypy; politické uvažování; experimentální politologie; volitelnost kandidátů
Reference

Aalberg, Toril a Anders Todal Jenssen. Gender Stereotyping of Political Candidates. An Experimental Study of Political Communication. Nordicom Review, 2007, roč. 28, č. 1, s. 17–32. ISSN 1403-1108. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0198

Adams, John, Lawrence Ezrow a Zeynep Somer-Topcu. Is Anybody Listening? Evidence That Voters Do Not Respond to European Parties’ Policy Statements During Elections. American Journal of Political Science, 2011, roč. 55, č. 2, s. 370–382. ISSN 1540-5907. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00489.x

Alvarez, Michael R. a John Brehm. Hard Choices, Easy Answers:
Values, Information, and American Public Opinion
. 1. vyd. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. ISBN 069109635X.

Alvarez, Michael, R. Issues and Information in Presidential Elections. 1. vyd. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997. ISBN 0472022377.

Alvarez, Michael R. a Charles H. Franklin. Uncertainty and Political Perceptions. Journal of Politics, 1994, roč. 56, č. 3, s. 671–688. ISSN 1468-2508. https://doi.org/10.2307/2132187

BANDUCCI, Susan A., Michael TRASHER, Colin RALLINGS a Jeffrey A. KARP. Candidate Appearance Cues in Low-Information Elections. Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 28.–31. srpna 2003, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, American Political Science Association.

Barrett, Andrew W. a Lowell W. Barrington. Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? Newspaper Photographs and Voter Evaluations of Political Candidates. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 2005, roč. 10, č. 4, s. 98–113. ISSN 1940-1612. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X05281392

BERNARD, Josef. Individuální charakteristiky kandidátů ve volbách do zastupitelstev obcí a jejich vliv na volební výsledky. Sociologický časopis, 2012, roč. 48, č. 4, s. 613–640. ISSN 0038-0288.

Bertrand, Marianne, Dolly Chugh a Sendhil Mullainathan. Implicit discrimination. American Economic Review, 2005, roč. 95, č. 2, s. 94–98. ISSN 0002-8282. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282805774670365

Castillo, Marco a Ragan Petrie. Discrimination in the lab: Does information trump appearance? Games and Economic Behavior, 2010, roč. 68, č. 1, 50–59. ISSN 0899-8256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2009.04.015

DRUCKMAN, James N. The Power of Television Images: The First Kennedy-Nixon Debate Revisited. The Journal of Politics, 2003, roč. 65, č. 2, s. 559–571. ISSN 1467-9760. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.t01-1-00015

Enelow, James M. a Melvin T. Hinich. The spatial theory of voting: An introduction. 1. vyd. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. ISBN 0521275156.

Fershtman, Chaim, Uri Gneezy a Frank Verboven. Discrimination and Nepotism: The Efficiency of the Anonymity Rule. The Journal of Legal Studies, 2005, roč. 34, č. 2, s. 371–396. ISSN 0047-2530. https://doi.org/10.1086/429846

Gilliam, Franklin D. a Shanto Iyengar. Prime Suspects: The Influence of Local Television News on the Viewing Public. American Journal of Political Science, 2000, roč. 44, č. 3, s. 560–573. ISSN 1540-5907. https://doi.org/10.2307/2669264

Gordon, Ann, David M. Shafie a Ann N. Crigler. Is Negative Advertising Effective for Female Candidates? An Experiment in Voters’ Uses of Gender Stereotypes. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 2003, roč. 8, č. 3, s. 35–53. ISSN 1940-1612. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X03008003003

Graber, Doris A. Kind Words and Harsh Pictures: How Television Presents the Candidates. In Kay Lehman Schlozman (ed.). Elections in America. 1. vyd. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987, s. 115–141. ISBN 0044970234.

Graber, Doris A. Seeing Is Remembering: How Visuals Contribute to Learning from Television News. Journal of Communication, 1990, roč. 40, č. 3, s. 134–155. ISSN 1460-2466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1990.tb02275.x

Henry, Brady a Paul Sniderman. Attitude Attribution: A Group Basis for Political Reasoning. American Political Science Review, 1985, roč. 79, č. 4, s 1061–1078. ISSN 0003-0554. https://doi.org/10.2307/1956248

Holm, Sture. A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 1979, roč. 6, č. 2, s. 65–70. ISSN 03036898.

Huddy, Leonie a Nayda Terkildsen. Gender Stereotypes and Perceptions of Male and Female Candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 1993, roč. 37, č. 1, s. 119–147. ISSN 1540-5907. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111526

Chambers, John M., William S. Cleveland, Beat Kleiner a Paul A. Tukey. Graphical Methods for Data Analysis. 1. vyd. New Jersey: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole, 1983. ISBN 053498052X.

Iyengar, Shanto, Nicholas Valentino, Stephen Ansolabehere a Adam Simon. Running as a Woman: Gender Stereotyping in Women’s Campaigns. In Pippa Norris (ed.) Women, Media, and Politics. 1. vyd. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, s. 77–98. ISBN 0195105672.

Kahn, Kim Fridkin. Gender Differences in Campaign Messages: The Political Advertisements of Men and Women Candidates for U.S. Senate. Political Research Quarterly, 1993, roč. 46, č. 3, s. 481–502. ISSN 1065-9129. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299304600303

Kahn, Kim Fridkin. The Political Consequences of Being a Woman. 1. vyd. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. ISBN 0231103034.

LAU, Richard a David REDLAWSK. Advantages and Disadvantages of Cognitive Heuristics in Political Decision Making. American Journal of Political Science, 2001, roč. 45, č. 4, s. 951–971. ISSN 1540-5907. https://doi.org/10.2307/2669334

LEFEVERE, Jonas. Campaign Effects on Voter Decision Making. Anverpy, 2011. Disertační práce. Universiteit Antwerpen.

Lupia, Arthur. Shortcuts versus encyclopedias: Information and voting behavior in California insurance reform elections. American Political Science Review, 1994, roč. 88, č. 1, s. 63–76. ISSN 0003-0554. https://doi.org/10.2307/2944882

Malá, Ivana. Jaký má být nový český prezident? Brno, 2013. Diplomová práce. Fakulta sociálních studií Masarykovy univerzity.

Matland, Richard E. Putting Scandinavian Equality to the Test: An Experimental Evaluation of Gender Stereotyping of Political Candidates in a Sample of Norwegian Voters. British Journal of Political Science, 1994, roč. 24, č. 2, s. 273–292. ISSN 0007-1234. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400009819

Matsubayashi, Tetsuya a Michiko Ueda. Political Knowledge and the Use of Candidate Race as a Voting Cue. American Politics Research, 2011, roč. 39, č. 2, s. 380–413. ISSN 1532-673X. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X10363977

MATTES, Kyle a kol. 2010. Predicting Election Outcomes from Positive and Negative Trait Assessments of the Candidate Images. Political Psychology, 2010, roč. 31, č. 1, s. 41–58. ISSN ISSN 0162-895X. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00745.x

McGill, Robert, John W. Tukey a Wayne A. Larsen. Variationsof box plots. The American Statistician, 1978, roč. 32, č. 1, s. 12–16. ISSN 00031305. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1978.10479236

McGraw, Kathleen. Contributions of the Cognitive Approach to Political Psychology. Political Psychology, 2000, roč. 21, č. 4, s. 805–832. ISSN 0162-895X. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00217

Mehrabian, Albert. Silent Messages. 1. vyd. Belmont: Wadsworth, 1971. ISBN 0534000592.

Meyer, Thomas M. Constraints on Party Policy Change. 1. vyd. Essex: ECPR Press, 2013. ISBN 1907301496.

MILLER, B. J., J. D. LUNDGREN. An exprimental study of the role of weight bias in candidate evaluation. Obesity, 2010, roč. 18, č. 4, s. 712–718. ISSN 1930-739X. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.492

Nisbett, Richard E. a Lee Ross. 1980. Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. 1. vyd. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1980. ISBN 0134451309.

Palvio, Allan. Images in Mind: The Evolution of a Theory. 1. vyd. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991. ISBN 0745009387.

O’BRIEN, KS., D. EBNETER a JA HUNTER. Obesity discrimination: the role of physical appearance, personal ideology, and anti-fat prejudice. International Journal of Obesity, 2012, s. 1–6. ISSN 0307-0565.

POPKIN, Samuel L. The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns. 1. vyd. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. ISBN 0226675440.

RIGGLE, Ellen D. Bases of Political Judgments: The Role of Stereotypic and Nonstereotypic Information. Political Behavior, 1992, roč. 14, č. 1, s. 67–87. ISSN 0190-9320. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993509

Rödin, Magnus a Gülay Özcan. Is It How You Look or Speak That Matters? – An Experimental Study Exploring the Mechanisms of Ethnic Discrimination. Research Papers in Economics, 2011, č. 12, Stockholm University, Department of Economics.

ROSENBERG, Shawn, Lisa BOHAN, Patrick MCCAFFERTY a Kevin HARRIS. The Image and the Vote: The Effect of Candidate Presentation on Voter Preference. American Journal of Political Science, 1986, roč. 30, č. 1, s. 108–127. ISSN 1540-5907. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111296

Sánchez-Cuenca, Ignaci. How Can Governments Be Accountable if Voters Vote Ideologically? In José María Maravall a Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca (eds.). Controlling Governments: Voters, Institutions, and Accountability. 1. vyd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, s. 45–81. ISBN 052171110X. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611414.004

Sapiro, Virginia. If Senator Baker Were a Woman: An Experimental Study of Candidate Images. Political Psychology, 1982, roč. 2, č. 1, s. 61–83. ISSN 1467-9221. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791285

SCHUBERT, James N., Margaret Ann Curran a Carmen Strungaru. Physical attractiveness, issue agreement, and assimilation effects in candidate appraisal. Politics and Life Sciences, 2011, roč. 30, č. 1, s. 33–49. ISSN 0730-9384. https://doi.org/10.2990/30_1_33

SIGELMAN, Lee, Carol K. SIGELMAN. Sexism, Racism, and Ageism in Voting Behavior: An Experimental Analysis. Social Psychology Quarterly, roč. 45, č. 4, s. 263–269. ISSN 1939-8999. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033922

SIGELMAN, Lee, Carol K. SIGELMAN a Christopher FOWLER. A Bird of a Different Feather? An Experimental Investigation of Physical Attractiveness and the Electability of Female Candidates. Social Psychology Quarterly, 1987, roč. 50, č. 1, s. 32–43. ISSN: 1939-8999. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786888

SNIDERMAN, Paul M., Richard A. BRODY a Phillip E. TETLOCK. Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. 1. vyd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. ISBN 0521407702.

TODOROV, Alexander a kol. Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes. Science, 2005, roč. 308, č. 10, s. 1623–1626. ISSN 1095-9203. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1110589

WYER, Richard S., Thomas Lee Budesheim, Sharon Shavitt, Ellen D. Riggle, Jeffrey R. Melton a James H. Kuklinski. Images, Issues and Ideology: The Processing of Information about Political Candidates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991, roč. 61, č. 4, s. 535–545. ISSN1939-1315. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.4.533

Metriky

0

Crossref logo

622

Views

344

PDF views

48

Mobi views

76

ePub views