Cognitive and Non‑cognitive Gender Gap among Children: Evidence from Ethiopia
Roč.15,č.1
Community and Space in Social Exclusion in Later Life
This study aims to trace the roots of the cognitive and non‑cognitive gender gap
among children in Ethiopia. It is keen to answer what gender gap exists in skills among boys and girls
in the diverse socioeconomic and cultural settings of the country. The data comes from the Young Lives
Project, a longitudinal study tracking the lives of children in four developing countries. The rich list
of variables from the data is framed by the bioecological model of Bronfenbrenner that best explains
the development of gender inequalities from childhood to adolescence. The results indicate the existence
of gender difference between boys’ and girls’ cognitive and non‑cognitive scores. It is also evident that this
difference in achievement scores is heterogeneous in that it differs with different personal characteristics
(such as age and gender) in different processes and contexts (socioeconomic status, place of residence,
household composition and parental literacy) at different points in time.
cognitive; non‑cognitive; gender gap; bioecological model; Ethiopia
Bertrand, Marianne and Jessica Pan. 2011. “The Trouble with Boys: Social Influences and The Gender Gap in Disruptive Behaviour.” National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper 17541. Retrieved October 20, 2018 (https://www.nber.org/papers/w17541.pdf). https://doi.org/10.3386/w17541
Biseswar, Indrawatie. 2008. “Problems of Feminist Leadership among Educated Women in Ethiopia: Taking Stock in the Third Millennium.” Journal of Developing Societies 24(2): 125–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X0802400203
Borghans, Lex, Angela Lee Duckworth, James J. Heckman, and Bas Ter Weel. 2008. “The Economics and Psychology of Personality Traits.” Journal of Human Resources 43(4): 972–1059. https://doi.org/10.3386/w13810
Bronfenbrenner, Urie and Pamela A. Morris. 2006. “The Bioecological Model of Human Development.” Pp. 793–828 in Handbook of Child Psychology, vol.1: Theoretical Models of Human Development, 6th ed., edited by W. Damon and R.M. Lerner. New York: Wiley.
Chatterji, Madhabi. 2006. “Reading Achievement Gaps, Correlates, and Moderators of Early Reading Achievement: Evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS). ‘Kindergarten to First Grade Sample’.” Journal of Educational Psychology 98: 489–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.98.3.489
Contini, Dalit, Maria Laura Di Tommaso, and Silvia Mendolia. 2017. “The Gender Gap in Mathematics Achievement: Evidence from Italian Data.” Economics of Education Review 58: 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.03.001
CSA. 2014. Key Findings on the 2013 National Labor Force Survey. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Cueto, Santiago and Juan Leon. 2012. Psychometric Characteristics of Cognitive Development and Achievement Instruments in Round 3 of Young Lives. Young Lives. Retrieved October 19, 2018 (https://www.younglives.org.uk/sites/www.younglives.org.uk/files/YL-TN25_Cueto.pdf).
CUETO, Santiago, Juan LEON, Gabriela GUERRERO, and Ismael MUÑOZ. 2009. Psychometric Characteristics of Cognitive Development and Achievement Instruments in Round 2 of Young Lives. Young Lives. Retrieved October 19, 2018 (https://www.younglives.org.uk/sites/www.younglives.org.uk/files/YL-TN15-Cueto-Psychometric-Characteristics.pdf).
CUNHA, Flavio and James J. Heckman. 2007. “The Technology of Skill Formation.” American Economic Review 97(2): 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.2.31
Dercon, Stefan and Alan Sanchez. 2013. “Height in Mid-childhood and Psychosocial Competencies in Late Childhood: Evidence from Four Developing Countries.” Economics & Human Biology 11(4): 426–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2013.04.001
Dercon, Stefan and Abhijeet Singh. 2013. “From Nutrition to Aspirations and Self-efficacy: Gender Bias over Time among Children in Four Countries.” World Development 45: 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.12.001
EFDRE. 2000. “Revised Family Code of Ethiopia.” Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Ethiopia. Retrieved October 15, 2018 (http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4c0ccc052.pdf).
EFDRE. 1995. The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa.
Fafchamps, Marcel and Agnes R. Quisumbing. 2002. “Control and Ownership of Assets within Rural Ethiopian Households.” Journal of Development Studies 38(6): 47–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380412331322581
Fryer Jr, Roland G. and Steven D. Levitt. 2010. “An Empirical Analysis of the Gender Gap in Mathematics.” Applied Economics 2(2): 210–240. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.2.2.210
Gutman, Leslie Morrison and Ingrid Schoon. 2013. The Impact of Non-cognitive Skills on Outcomes for Young People. Education Empowerment Foundations: London.
Hardgrove, Abby, Kirrily Pells, Jo Boyden, and Paul Dornan. 2014. “Youth Vulnerabilities in Life Course Transitions.” UNDP Occasional Paper. New York: UNDP. Retrieved October 20, 2018 (http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hardgrove_boyden_hdr_2014.pdf).
Heckman, James J. 2006. “Skill Formation and the Economics of Investing in Disadvantaged Children.” Science 312(5782): 1900–1902. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128898
Heckman, James J., Jora Stixrud, and Sergio Urzua. 2006. “The Effects of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Abilities on Labor Market Outcomes and Social Behavior.” Journal of Labor Economics 24(3): 411–482. https://doi.org/10.1086/504455
Heckman, James J. and Yona Rubinstein. 2001. “The Importance of Noncognitive Skills: Lessons from the GED Testing Program.” American Economic Review 91(2): 145–149. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.2.145
Krishnan, Vijaya. 2010. “Early Child Development: A Conceptual Model.” Paper presented at the Early Childhood Council Annual Conference 2010, Christchurch, New Zealand. Retrieved October 20, 2018 (https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8099/6bed2ef51e4128e5251f98242009888f4028.pdf).
Legewie, Joscha and Thomas A. DiPrete. 2012. “School Context and the Gender Gap in Educational Achievement.” American Sociological Review 77(3): 463–485. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412440802
MOE. 2015. “Educational Statistics Abstract, 2006 EC (2013/2014).” Education Management Information Systems, Ministry of Education.
Murnane, Richard J., John B. Willett, and Frank Levy. 1995. “The Growing Importance of Cognitive Skills in Wage Determination.” Review of Economics and Statistics 77(2): 251–266. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109863
Noboa-Hidalgo, Grace E. and Sergio S. Urzua. 2012. “The Effects of Participation in Public Child Care Centers: Evidence from Chile.” Journal of Human Capital 6(1): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/664790
Penner, Andrew M. and Marcel Paret. 2008. “Gender Differences in Mathematics Achievement: Exploring the Early Grades and the Extremes.” Social Science Research 37: 239–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.06.012
Reilly, David. 2012. “Gender, Culture, and Sex-Typed Cognitive Abilities.” PLoS ONE 7(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039904
Robinson, Joseph Paul and Sarah Theule Lubienski. 2011. “The Development of Gender Achievement Gaps in Mathematics and Reading during Elementary and Middle School: Examining Direct Cognitive Assessments and Teacher Ratings.” American Educational Research Journal 48(2): 268–302. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831210372249
Smith, Lindsay. 2011. “Applying the Bioecological Theory of Human Development to Learning: Enhancing Student Engagement in Online Learning.” Pp. 1–8 in 10th Teaching Matters Annual Conference: Sharing Practice, vol. 5.
Tach, Laura Marie and George Farkas. 2006. “Learning-related Behaviors, Cognitive Skills, and Ability Grouping when Schooling Begins.” Social Science Research 35: 1048–1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2005.08.001
TODD, Petra E. and Kenneth I. WOLPIN. 2007. “The Production of Cognitive Achievement in Children: Home, School, and Racial Test Score Gaps.” Journal of Human capital 1(1): 91–136. https://doi.org/10.1086/526401
Tudge, Jonathan R.H., Irina Mokrova, Bridget E. Hatfield, and Rachana B. Karnik. 2009. “Uses and Misuses of Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory of Human Development.” Journal of Family Theory & Review 1(4): 198–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2009.00026.x
WOLDEHANNA, Tassew. 2011. “The Effects of Early Childhood Education Attendance on Cognitive Development: Evidence from Urban Ethiopia.” Ethiopian Journal of Economics 20(1): 113–164.
World Economic Report. 2013. “The Global Gender Gap Report 2013.” Retrieved June 5, 2014 (http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2013.pdf ).
Young Lives. 2013. “Young Lives Survey Design and Sampling in Ethiopia: Preliminary Findings from the 2013 Young Lives Survey (Round 4).” Retrieved November 22, 2016 (http://www.younglives.org.uk/sites/www.younglives.org.uk/files/Ethiopia-SurveyDesign-Factsheet.pdf).
Young Lives. 2015. “What Can Longitudinal Research Tell Us about Children’s Life-Chances?” Retrieved November 2, 2016 (http://www.younglives.org.uk/publications/TN/what-can-longitudinal-research-tell-us-about-childrens-life-chances).
Tato práce je licencována pod Mezinárodní licencí Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 .
Copyright © 2018 Sociální studia / Social Studies