Childcare and Development of Paediatrics in Moravia (Czech Republic) in the Context of Palaeopathological Research Focusing on Congenital Malformations, Metabolic and Haematologic Diseases
Bd.11,Nr.1(2020)
The presented study is a part of a complex study focused on monitoring the origin and development of paediatric care in Moravia, one of the countries of the former Austrian monarchy. The work also takes into account the social conditions, as changes in the Moravian healthcare sector occurred in the period under review in connection with the Theresian and Josephine reforms. Neonatal mortality was very high at the time, including, among other things, the lack of care for mothers-to-be. The study observes the state of health and the causes of paediatric mortality from the 13th to the 19th centuries, on the basis of the study of available literary sources within the context of palaeopathological analyses of children‘s skeletal remains. The analysis of adult skeletons of the study population provides evidence of high female mortality between 20-30 years of age. The attention was focused on congenital malformations, metabolic and hematogenic diseases. From congenital malformations, palaeopathological analysis confirmed the developmental dysplasia of the hip and the premature obliteration of cranial sutures in the examined child population. From the haematologic and metabolic diseases, the manifestations of anemia in the form of cribra orbitalia, signs of scurvy and rickets were most frequently reported. These diseases were reported mainly in children in foundling homes and orphanages. According to literary sources, their numbers grew significantly in connection with famine-related war incidents. Therefore, the results of the study provide direct evidence of the occurrence of observed childhood illnesses in Moravia during the period of modern times.
the Austrian monarchy; development of paediatrics; child care; Moravia; congenital malformations; metabolic diseases; hematologic diseases
Aufderheide, A. C. – Rodríguez-Martín, R. C. (1998): The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baker, B. – Dupras, T. L. – Tocheri, M. W. – Wheeler, S. M. (2005): The Osteology of Infants and Children. United States of America: Texas A&M University Press.
Benike, P. (1985): Palaeopathology of Danish Skeletons. A Comparative Study of Demography, Disease and Injury. Copenhagen, Denmark: Akademisk Forlag.
Bennet, K. A. (1967): Craniostenosis: A review of the etiology and a report of new cases. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 27(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330270102
Brabcová, P. (2002): Příčiny úmrtí obyvatel svatopetrské farnosti v Brně na konci 18. století. Vlastivědný věstník moravský, 54(2), 188–191.
Buchanan, E. P. – Xue, A. S. – Hollier, L. H. (2014): Craniofacial Syndromes. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 134, 128e–153e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000000308
Calandrelli, R. – D’Apolito, G.– Gaudino, S. – Stefanetti, M. – Massimi, L. – Di Rocco, C. – Colosimo, C. (2014): Radiological assement of skull base changes in children with syndromic craniosynostosis: role of “minor” sutures. Neuroradiology, 56, 865–875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-014-1392-5
Cohen, M. (1976): Cloverleaf Skull Malformation. In J. Bosma (Ed.), Bethesda Symposium of the Basiocranium (pp 372–382), Maryland.
Čejka, J. (2002a): Dětské nemocnice. Procházka historií. Brno: Fakultní nemocnice Brno.
Čejka, J. (2002b): Rincoliniho dětský léčebný ústav v Brně. Brno v minulosti a dnes XVI, Brno: Magistrát města Brna, Archiv města Brna.
Čihák, R. (1987): Anatomie 1. Praha: Avicenum.
Doležal, A. – Kuželka, V. – Zvěřina J. (2009): Evropa – kolébka vědeckého porodnictví. Praha: Galén.
Duchek, V. (1873): O kurdějích (scorbut). Časopis lékařů českých, 12, 58–60.
Dungl, P. – Chromiak, J. – Kofránek, I. – Kubeš, R. – Kalous, T. – Matějovský, Z., Podškupka, A. – Tóth, L. – Adamec, O. – Frydrychová, M. – Hajný, P. – Kasal, T. – Kolman, J. – Koutný, Z. – Majerníček, M. – Matějíček, M. – Vaculík, J. – Včelák, J. –Závitkovský, P. – Zvěřina, E. – Ehler, E. – Chroustová, D. – Rejholec, M. – Štrof, J. – Žižková, K (2005): Ortopedie. Praha: Grada Publishing.
Evans, R. J. W. (2003): Vznik habsburské monarchie 1550-1700. Praha: Argo.
Fazekas, I. G. – Kósa, F. (1978): Forensic Fetal Osteology. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
Fearon, J. A. (2014): Evidence-Based Medicine: Craniosynostosis. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 133(5), 1261–1275. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000000108
Gladykowska-Rzeczycka, J. J. (2001): Rickets in Past and Modern Times – Cases from Some Archaeological sites in Poland. Anthropologie, 39(1), 45–56.
Goodman, A. H. – Armelagos. G. J. (1985): Factors Affecting the Distribution of Enamel Hypoplasias Within the Human Permanent Dentition. American of Journal Physical Antropology, 68(4), 479–493. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680404
Greene, A. K. – Mulliken, J. B. – Proctor, M. R. – Meara, J. G. – Rogers, G. F. (2008): Phenotypically Unusual Combined Craniosynostoses. Presentation and Management. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 122(3), 853–862. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31817f45f0
Hawgood, B. J. (2010): Sir Edward Mellanby (1884–1955) GBE KCB FRCP FRS: nutrition scientist and medical research mandarin. Journal of Medical Biography, 18(3), 150–157. https://doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2010.010020
Hengen, O. P. (1971): Cribra orbitalia. Pathogenesis and probable Aetiology. Homo, 22(2), 57–76.
Horáčková, L. – Strouhal, E. – Vargová, L. (2004): In: Malina, Jaroslav, ed., Základy paleopatologie. Panoráma biologické a sociokulturní antropologie. Brno: Akademické nakladatelství CERM, Masarykova univerzita.
Houštěk, J. – Kubát, K. (1982): Historie, obsah a výuka dětského lékařství. In: Houštěk, J. et al., eds., Dětské lékařství (pp. 13–16). Praha: Avicenum, zdravotnické nakladatelství.
Houštěk, J. – Kubát, K. – Hloušková, Z. (1980): Pediatrická propedeutika. Praha: Avicenum, zdravotnické nakladatelství.
Kliková, K. – Krchňáková, T. – Strojil, J. – Kilian, J. – Mihál, V. – Líčeník, R: (2017). Febrilní křeče: doporučený postup pro vyšetření dítěte s nekomplikovanými febrilními křečemi. Adaptovaný doporučený postup American Academy of Pediatrics. Česko-slovenská Pediatrie, 72(1), 63–67.
Knussmann, R. (1988): Anthropologie: Handbuch der vergleichenden Biologie des Menschen. Band I., 1. Tail, Stuttgart - N. Y.
Lewis, M. E. (2004): Endocranial Lesions in Non-adult Skeletons: Understanding their Etiology. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 14, 82–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.713
Lewis, M. (2018): Paleopathology of Children. Identification of Paleopthological Conditions in the Human Skeletal Remains of Non-Adults. London: Elsevier Academic Press.
Martin, R. – Saller, K. (1957): Lehrbuch der Anthropologie in systematischer Darstellung, 3. Aufl. Band I, III. Stuttgart.
Mays, S. (2014): The paleopathology of scurvy in Europe. International Journal of Palaeopathology, 5, 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2013.09.001
Mays, S. – Brickley, M. – Ives, R. (2006): Skeletal Manifestations of Rickets in Infans and Young Children in a Historic Population from England. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 129(3), 362–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20292
Mazal, V. (1953): Vývoj ústavního léčení dětí v Brně. Lékařské listy 8(10), 238–241.
Meindl, R. S. – Lovejoy, C. O. (1985): Ectocranial suture Closure: A Revised Method for the Determination of Skeletal Age at Death Based on the Lateral-Anterior Sutures. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 68, 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680106
Møller-Christensen, V. – Sandison, A. T. (1963): Usura orbitae (cribra orbitalia) in the collection of crania in the Anatomy Department of the University of Glasgow. Pathological Microbiology, 26, 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1159/000161365
Moseley, J. E. (1963): Bone changes in hematologic disorders: Implications for Paleopathology. In S. Jarcho (Ed.), Human Palaeopathology (pp 121–130). New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Nopp, L. (1926): Špilberk jeho dějiny a památnosti. Praha: Vojenské muzeum Československé republiky.
Obršlík, J. (1975): Inventář k fondu A 42, Zemský nalezinec a sirotčinec v Brně (1780) 1785-1917, Brno: Státní oblastní archiv.
Ortner, D. J. (2003): Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. 2nd edition, London: Academic Press.
Ortner, D. J. – Putschar, W. G. J. (1985): Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. Reprint edition. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810223.28.1
Peltier, L. F. (1993): Orthopedics: A History & Iconography. San Francisco: Norman Publishing.
Pospíšilová, B. – Procházková, O. – Serbouti, K. (2003): Paleopatologické nálezy předčasné obliterace věnčitého švu. Acta Medica Supplementum, 46(1–2), 13–21.
Pospíšilová, B. – Procházková, O. (2006): Paleopatological Findings of Dry Skulls with Plagiocephaly. Acta Medica, 49, 219–226. https://doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2017.136
Poul, J. (2009): Dětská ortopedie. Praha: Galén.
Scheuer, L. – Black, S. (2000): Developmental Juvenile Osteology. California, USA: Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012624000-9/50004-6
Smartt, J. M. – Singh, D. J. – Reid, R. R. – Hellinger, J. C. – Hsu,V. M. – Bartlett, S. P. (2012): Squamosal Suture Synostosis: A Cause of Atypical Skull Asymmetry. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 130(1), 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e318254b271
Steinbock, R. T. (1976): Paleopathological Diagnosis and Interpretation. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher.
Stloukal, M. – Dobisíková, M. – Kuželka, V. – Stránská, P. – Velemínský, P. – Vyhnánek, L. – Zvara, K. (1999): Antropologie. Příručka pro studium kostry. Praha: Národní muzeum.
Šíma, P. – Turek, B. (2015): Příběh vitamínu D. Živa, 4, 159–161.
Tönnis, D. (1987): Congenital dysplasia and dislocation of the hip. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71038-4
Tručková. Z. – Brabcová, I. (2016): Historie pediatrie a vzdělávání dětských sester v České republice. Pediatrie pro praxi 17(6), 390–393. https://doi.org/10.36290/ped.2016.089
Ubelaker, D. H. (1987): Estimating Age at Death from Immature Human Skeleton: An Overview. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 32(5), 1254–1263. https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS11176J
Vargová L. – Horáčková, L. (1996): Interesting Cases of Cranoisynostoses in Osteological Material from Křtiny Ossarium. Scripta medica, 69(6), 313–323.
Vargová, L. – Horáčková. L. (2011): Lékařsko-antropologická analýza kosterních pozůstatků z archeologického výzkumu v Brně – Anenské terasy. Archiv Archaia o.p.s. Brno, unpublished.
Vargová, L. – Horáčková, L. – Menšíková, M. (2010): Zdravotní péče o brněnské obyvatele v 18. a 19. století. Portál Lékařské fakulty Masarykovy univerzity. http://portal.med.muni.cz/clanek-537-zdravotni-pece-o-brnenske-obyvatele-v-18-a-19-stoleti.html. Accessed 9 March 2010
Vargová, L. – Horáčková, L. – Vymazalová K, – Svoboda, J. (2013): Palaeopathological analysis of skeletons from the 16th and 17th centuries (Veselí nad Moravou, Czech Republic). Anthropologie, 51(3), 397–408.
Vargová, L. – Zapletalová, D. (2007): Lékařsko-antropologický výzkum kosterních pozůstatků ze hřbitova u Nemocnice Milosrdných bratří v Brně. Ve službách archeologie, 2, 128–137.
Vyhnánek, L. – Bohutová, J. – Belšán, T. – Daneš, J. – Fendrych, P. – Hořák, J. – Horejš, J., Chmel, J. – Křivánek, J. – Ort, J. – Tůma. S. (1988): Radiodiagnostika. Kapitoly z klinické praxe. Praha: Grada Publishing.
Vykoukal, F. V. (1894): Domácí lékařství. Praha: Nakladatelství Dr. Frant. Bačovský.
Welch, T. R. (2000): Vitamin D-deficient rickets. The reemergence of a once-conquered disease. Journal of Pediatrics, 137(2), 143–145. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2000.109008
Zuckerman, M. K. – Garofalo, E. M. – Frolich, B. – Ortner, D. J. (2014): Anemia or scurvy: A pilot study on differential diagnosis of porous and hyperostotic lesions using differential cranial vault thickness in subadult humans. International Journal of Palaeopathology, 5, 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2014.02.001
Žižka, J. (1994): Diagnostika syndromů a malformací. Praha: Galén.
Copyright (c) 2020 Lenka Vargová, Kateřina Vymazalová, Ladislava Horáčková