Opoziční smlouvy „za kopečky“ I.: Byl pakt ČSSD a ODS z let 1998–2002 demokratickou deviací?
Roč.15,č.2–3(2013)
After the 1998 general elections to the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic, the largest party, the Social Democratic Party (ČSSD), formed a minority government. The origin and existence of this government was enabled by an agreement with the second largest formation, the Civic Democratic Party (ODS). What was then known as the Opposition Agreement became the subject of considerable debate. The paper analyses the Opposition Agreement in comparison with other minority governments with external support, be they governments formed on the basis of ad hoc agreements or complex ones. The text looks in detail at government practice in Denmark, Sweden, New Zealand, and Italy at the time of the Historic Compromise; this is then used as a context for outlining the specifics of the Czech case. The paper highlights not only the Opposition Agreement between the Social Democrats and the Civic Democratic Party and the later Toleration Patent, which even deepened the cooperation between these two parties, but also the frequent ad hoc legislative coalitions which the minority government was able to form. An additional aim of the paper is to outline foreign analogies to the potential future single-party minority government of the Czech Social Democrats supported by the Communists. Because of its considerable length, the text is divided into two parts; the first part is printed in this volume.
Minority Governments; Support Party; Opposition Agreement; Czech Republic; Denmark; Sweden; New Zealand; Italy
Lubomír Kopeček
Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University
Arian, A. (2005): Politics in Israel. The Second Republic, Washington, CQ Press.
Arter, D. (1999): Scandinavian Politics Today, Manchester – New York, Manchester University Press.
Arter, D. (2006): Democracy in Scandinavia. Consensual, Majoritarian or Mixed? Manchester – New York, Manchester University Press.
Bale, T. – Bergmann, T. (2006): Captive No Longer, but Servants Still? Contract Parliamentarism and the New Minority Governance in Sweden and New Zealand, Government and Opposition, Vol. XXXXI, No. 3, pp. 422–449. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2006.00186.x
Bale, T. – Blomgren, M. (2008): Close but no Cigar? Newly Governing and Nearly Governing Parties in Sweden and New Zealand, in: K. Deschouwer (ed.): New Parties in Government, London – New York, Routledge.
Bale, T. – Dann, Ch. (2002): Is the Grass Really Greener? The Rationale and Reality of Support Party Status: A New Zealand Case Study, Party Politics, Vol. VIII, No. 3, pp. 349–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068802008003005
BBC Monitor European (2010): Danish People´s Party leader calls for ban on Arabic-language TV stations, London, 1. 11. 2010, BBC.
Bennulf, M. (1995): Sweden: The Rise and Fall of Miljöpartiet de gröna, in: D. Richardson – Ch. Rootes (eds.): The Green Challenge. The Development of Green Parties in Europe, London – New York, Routledge.
Bergman, T. (1995): Constitutional Rules and Party Goals in Coalition Formation, Umeå University, Dept. of Political Science.
Bergman, T. (2000): Sweden. When Minority Cabinets are the Rule and Majority Coalitions the Exception, in: K. Strøm – W. C. Müller – T. Bergman (eds.): Cabinets and Coalition Bargaining. The Democractic Life Cycle in Western Europe, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Bergmann, T. – Bolin, N. (2011): Swedish Democracy. Crumbling Political Parties, a Feeble Riksdag, and Technocratic Power Holders? in: K. Strøm – T. Bergman (eds.): The Madisonian Turn. Political Parties and Parliamentary Democracy in Nordic Europe, Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press.
Bille, L. (2012): Denmark, European Journal of Political Research Political Data Yearbook, Vol. DI, No. 1, pp. 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-8852.2012.00008.x
Boston J. G. (2010): Dynamics of Government Formation, in: R. Miller (ed.): New Zealand Government and Politics, Melbourne, Oxford University Press.
Boston J. G. (2011): Government formation in New Zealand under MMP: Theory and practice, Political Science, Vol. DXIII, No. 1, pp. 79–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032318711406879
Brunclík, M. – Havlík, V. – Pinková, A. (2011): Skandinávie. Proměny politiky v severských zemích, Praha, Wolters Kluwer.
Brunclík, M. (2009): Negativní parlamentarismus: cesta k efektivnějšímu fungování parlamentního režimu? Acta Politologica, roč. I, č. 2, s. 118–141.
Cabada, L. – Ženíšek, M. (2003): Smíšené volební systémy, Dobrá Voda u Pelhřimova, Aleš Čeněk.
Čaloud, D. – Chytilek, R. – Lebeda, T. – Šedo, J. (2009): Volební systémy, Praha, Portál.
Christiansen, F. J. – Damgaard, E. (2007): Parliamentary Opposition under Minority Parliamentarism: Scandinavia, Political Science Association Conference, Bath.
Chytilek, R. (2005): Spojené království Velké Británie a Severního Irska, in: M. Strmiska et al. (eds.): Politické strany moderní Evropy, Praha, Portál.
Damgaard, E. (2011): Change and Challenges of Danish Parliamentary Democracy, in: K. Strøm – T. Bergman (eds.): The Madisonian Turn. Political Parties and Parliamentary Democracy in Nordic Europe, Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press.
Dočekalová, P. (2008): Dánská lidová strana, Socioweb, č. 4, on-line verze (http://www.socioweb.cz/index.php?disp=teorie&shw=328&lst=103), [cit. 3. 10. 2013].
Fiala, P. – Mikš, F. (1999): Opoziční smlouva: pokus o předběžnou bilanci. Proglas, roč. 10, č. 9, s. 1–3.
Fiala, P. – Mikš, F. (2006): ODS a opoziční smlouva, in: S. Balík a kol. (eds.): Občanská demokratická strana a česká politika, Brno, CDK.
Fiala, P.: Opoziční smlouva a strategie politických stran, Proglas, roč. 9, č. 7, 1998, s. 2–3.
Field, B. N. (2009): Minority Government and Legislative Politics in Spain, 2004–2008, Conference paper, Toronto, American Political Science Association.
Green-Pedersen, Ch. (2001): Minority Governments and Party Politics: The Political and Institutional Background to the "Danish Miracle", Journal of Public Policy, Vol. XXI, No. 1, pp. 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X01001039
Hausmann, F. (2006): Kleine Geschichte Italiens: Von 1943 bis zur Ära nach Berlusconi, Berlin, Verlag Klaus Wagenbach.
Havlík, V. (2005): Dánsko i nadále ve znamení pravice – parlamentní volby 2005, Středoevropské politické studie, roč. VII, č. 2–3, s. 313–321.
Havlík, V. (2008): Na imigrantské vlně – volby do Folketingu v roce 2007, Evropská volební studia, roč. III, č. 2, s. 252–263.
Herman, V. – Pope, J. (1973). Minority Governments in Western Democracies, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. III, No. 2, pp. 191–212. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000712340000778X
Hloušek, V. (2008): Konflikt versus konsensus. Konfliktní linie, stranické systémy a politické strany v Rakousku 1860–2006, Brno, Masarykova univerzita.
Klíma, M. (1999): Skrytá tichá velká koalice, Politologický časopis, roč. VI, č. 2, s. 170–182.
Laver, M. – Schofield, N. (1998): Multiparty Government. The Politics of Coalition in Europe, Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press.
Lippiatt, G. (2008): Working with others: the Lib-Lab Pact, Journal of Liberal History, No. 60, pp. 23–27.
Maškarinec, P. (2008): Analýza ideově-programového profilu švédské Levicové strany z hlediska politického extremismu a radikalismu, Středoevropské politické studie, roč. X, č. 1, s. 49–67.
Miller, K. E. (1996): Friends and Rivals. Coalition Politics in Denmark 1901–1995, Lanham, University Press of America.
Miller, R. – Karp, J. (2004): A Vote for Coalition Governemnt?, in: J. Vowles et al. (eds.): Voters' Veto: The 2002 Election in New Zealand and the Consolidation of Minority Government, Auckland, Auckland University Press.
Miller, R. – Lane, P. (2010): Future of the MMP Electoral System, in: R. Miller (ed.): New Zealand Government and Politics, Melbourne, Oxford University Press.
Mitchell, P. – Nyblade, B. (2008): Government Formation and Cabinet Type, in: K. Strøm – W. C. Müller – T. Bergman (eds.): Cabinets and Coalition Bargaining: The Democractic Life Cycle in Western Europe, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Mudde, C. (2007): Populist radical right parties in Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Müller, W. C. (2000): Austria. Tight Coalitions and Stable Government, in: W. C. Müller, – K. Strøm (eds.) Coalition Governments in Western Europe, Oxford – New York, Oxford University Press.
Novák, M. (1999): Relevance malých stran v demokracii. Od obecného rámce k české smlouvě o "stabilním prostředí". Politologická revue, roč. 5, č. 2, s. 44–70.
Pehe, J. (1999): 1999. Rok nehybnosti, Nová Přítomnost, č. 12, s. 21.
Pehe, J. (2010): Klaus. Portrét politika ve dvaceti obrazech, Praha, Prostor.
Roberts, A. (2003): Demythologising the Czech Opposition Agreement, Europe–Asia Studies, Vol. DV, No. 8, pp. 1273–1303. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966813032000141114
Saalfeld, T. (2000): Germany. Stable Parties, Chancellor Democracy, and the Art of Informal Settlement, in: W. C. Müller – K. Strøm (eds.) Coalition Governments in Western Europe, Oxford – New York, Oxford University Press.
Sejersted, F. (2011): The Age of Social Democracy, Princeton – Oxford, Princeton University Press.
Strmiska, M. (1995): Italské politické strany (1945–1994), Brno, Masarykova univerzita.
Strmiska, M. (2002): Transformace italských (post)komunistů. Od Italské komunistické strany k Demokratické straně levice a Levicovým demokratům, in: V. Hloušek – L. Kopeček (eds.): Rudí a růžoví. Transformace komunistických stran, Brno, Masarykova univerzita.
Strmiska, M. (2004): Volební reformy a transformace stranických systémů v Itálii, Japonsku a na Novém Zélandu, in: M. Novák – T. Lebeda et al. (eds.): Volební a stranické systémy. ČR v mezinárodním srovnání, Dobrá Voda, Aleš Čeněk.
Strmiska, M. (2005): Regionální strany, stranické systémy a teritoriálně-politický pluralismus, Brno, Anton Pasienka.
Strøm, K. (1990): Minority Government and Majority Rule, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Tabery, E. (2006): Vládneme, nerušit. Opoziční smlouva a její dědictví, Praha, Respekt Publishing.
The Economist (2011): Can careless talk cost lives? The growth of Islamophobia, 30. 7. 2011, p. 23.
Verzichelli, L. – Cotta, M. (2000): Italy. From 'Contrained' Coalitions to Alternating Governments?, in: W. C. Müller – K. Strøm (eds.) Coalition Governments in Western Europe, Oxford – New York, Oxford University Press.
Vowles, J. (2006): New Zealand, European Journal of Political Research, Vol. XXXXV, No. 7–8, pp. 1207–1220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00677.x
Widfeldt, A. (2011): Sweden, European Journal of Political Research, Vol. D, No 7–8, pp. 1145–1154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.02043.x
Widfeldt, A. (2012): Sweden, European Journal of Political Research Political Data Yearbook, Vol. DI, No 1, pp. 307–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-8852.2012.00033.x
Žák, V. (2009): Opoziční smlouva a nulová tolerance. Listy, č. 4, on-line verze (http://www.listy.cz/archiv.php?cislo=094&clanek=040902), [cit. 3. 10. 2013].
Tato práce je licencována pod Mezinárodní licencí Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 .
Copyright © 2013 Lubomír Kopeček