Lukashenka’s Belarus – the Case Study of Non-Democratic Regime

Vol.7,No.4(2005)

Abstract
The article focuses on the characterization of the identity of non-democratic regime in Post-Soviet Belarus, namely regime of A. Lukashenka. The aim is to apply classical theory of non-democratic regimes of Juan Jose Linz to Belarusian situation in last decade of the 20th century and to evaluate the limits (and convenience) of that application in regards to searching for exact classification of this regime. In this sense, the text offers the empiric-analytical analysis of contemporary Belarusian political system with the help of standard theoretical approaches of theory of non-democratic regimes.

Keywords:
Post-Soviet Belarus; type of non-democratic regime; theory of J. J. Linz; axes between authoritarianism and totalitarianism; authoritarian regime;
Author biographies

Petr Hlaváček

Student doktorského studijního programu Politologie na Katedře politologie Fakulty sociálních studií Masarykovy univerzity v Brně.

Jan Holzer

Předseda redakční rady Středoevropských politických studií, docent Katedry politologie Fakulty sociálních studií Masarykovy univerzity v Brně. Vědecký pracovník Institutu pro srovnávací politologický výzkum Fakulty sociálních studií Masarykovy univerzity.
References

Albin, B. J. – Baluk, W. (red., 2004): Europa wschodnia dekada transformaci. Bialorus. Wroclaw: Wydzial Nauk Spolecznych U. Wr. – Wydawnictwo Arboretum.
Balachanovič, A. I. a kol. (1999): Kto jest kto v Respublike Belarus. Minsk.
Balík, S. (2000): Komunistické strany v Bělorusku. In: Holzer, J. (ed., 2000): Komunistické strany v postsovětských stranicko-politických soustavách. Brno: MPÚ MU, s. 87–107.
Bobkov, V. A. – Kuzněcov, N. V. – Osmolovskij, V. P. (1997): Političeskie partii Belarusi. Minsk.
Bulhakaw, V. (2001): The campaign of Alyaksandar Lukashenka. In: Bulhakaw, V. (ed., 2001): The Political System of Belarus and the 2001 Presidential Election. Minsk – Warsaw: Analytical Group – East European Democratic Centre, s. 210–223.
Furman, D. (ed., 1999): Belorussija i Rossija: obščestva i gosudarstva. Moskva: Prava čeloveka.
Golubjev, V. F. a kol. (1999): Kto jest kto v Belarusi. Moskva.
Holzer, J. – Novák, M. (2002): Bělorusko. In: Fiala, P. – Holzer, J. – Strmiska, M. a kolektiv (2002): Politické strany ve střední a východní Evropě. Ideově-politický profil, pozice a role politických stran v postkomunistických zemích. Brno: MPÚ MU, s. 43-64.
Inna Bialorus. Historia – Polityka – Gospodarka. Warszawa 1999.
Jandjuk, V. (2004): Bělorusko. In Kubát, M. a kolektiv (2004): Politické a ústavní systémy středovýchodní Evropy. Praha: Eurolex Bohemia, s. 36–59.
Karp, M. (1998): Dwie swiadamosci narodowe a kwestia niepodleglosci Bialorusi. Obóz, č. 35, s. 95–100.
Koktyš, K. E. (2000): Transformacija političeskogo režima v Respublike Belarus. 1990–1999. Moskva: Moskovskij obščestvennyj naučnyj fond.
Linz, J. J. (1973): Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. In: Greenstein, F. I. – Polsby, N. W. (eds., 1973): Handbook of Political Science. Vol III., Addison – Wesley: Reading Mass.
Linz, J. J. (2000): Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. London: Lynne Riener.
Linz, J. J. – Stepan, A. (1996): Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP.
Litera, B. – Švec, L. – Wanner, J. – Zilynskij, B. (1998): Rusko? Vzájemné vztahy postsovětských republik. Praha: Ústav mezinárodních vztahů.
Lyakhovich, A. (2001): Structure of the Belarusian electorate. In: Bulhakaw, V. (ed., 2001): The Political System of Belarus and the 2001 Presidential Election. Minsk – Warsaw: Analytical Group – East European Democratic Centre, s. 159-163.
Mackevič, V. (1996): Belaruskaja demokratija: vopreki očevidnosti. Minsk.
Manajev, O. (1998): Elektorat Aleksandra Lukašenko. In: Furman, D. (ed., 1999): Belorussija i Rossija: obščestva i gosudarstva. Moskva: Prava čeloveka, s. 278-295.
Mihalisko, K. J. (1997): Belarus: retreat to authoritarianism. In: Dawisha, K. – Parrot, B. (1997): Democratic chages and authoritarian reactions in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, s. 223–281.
Mironowicz, E. (1998): Narodziny bialoruskiej suwerennosci w latach dziewiecdziesiatych. Obóz, č. 35, s. 87–94.
Mironowicz, E. (1999): Bialorus. Warszawa: TRIO.
Natchyk, P. (2001): The Belarusian nomenclature and lines of cleavage in it. Lukashenka´s cadre policy. In: Bulhakaw, V. (ed., 2001): The Political System of Belarus and the 2001 Presidential Election. Minsk – Warsaw: Analytical Group – East European Democratic Centre, s. 105–120.
Nový, P. (2001): Nevyrovnané šance: Na co ukazují běloruské volby? Mezinárodní politika, č. 10, s. 17–18.
Rovdo, V. (1999): Role nacionalismu v procesu přechodu k demokracii: podstata a zvláštnosti běloruské anomálie. In: Dančák, B. – Fiala, P. (eds., 1999): Nacionalistické strany v Evropě. Brno: MPÚ, s. 119–133.
Silitski, V. (2005): Preempting Democracy: The Case of Belarus. Journal of Democracy, Vol 16, No 4, October, s. 83–97.
Smith, G. – Law, V. – Wilson, A. – Bohr, A. – Allworth, E. (1998): Nation-building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands. The Politics of National Identities. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
Timmermann, H. – Schneider, E. (1991): Voraussetzungen und Perspektiven fűr die neuen Parteien in der Sowjetunion: Ergebnisse eine Forschungreise in die Republik Russland, Ukraine und Weissrussland. Kőln.
Veselý, L. (1999): Bělorusko pět let po zvolení Alexandra Lukašenka prezidentem. Mezinárodní politika, č. 7, s. 27–28.
Widmaier, U. – Gawrich, A. – Becker, U. (1999): Regierungssysteme Zentral- und Osteuropas. Eine einfuehrendes Lehrbuch. Opladen: Leske + Budrich.
Yekadumava, I. (2001): Foreign policy factors on the presidential election in Belarus. In Bulhakaw, V. (ed., 2001): The Political System of Belarus and the 2001 Presidential Election. Minsk – Warsaw: Analytical Group – East European Democratic Centre, s. 233–244.
Yekadumaw, A. (2001a): The political market of the media. The information space of Belarus. In: Bulhakaw, V. (ed., 2001): The Political System of Belarus and the 2001 Presidential Election. Minsk – Warsaw: Analytical Group – East European Democratic Centre, s. 164–171.
Yekadumaw, A. (2001b): The dynamics of Alyaksandar Lukashenka´s ratings and the results of the presidential election. In: Bulhakaw, V. (ed., 2001): The Political System of Belarus and the 2001 Presidential Election. Minsk – Warsaw: Analytical Group – East European Democratic Centre, s. 224–232.
Yekadumaw, A. (2001c): Moulding a hybrid regime: adapting democratic institutions to the system of politically authoritarian relations. In: Bulhakaw, V. (ed., 2001): The Political System of Belarus and the 2001 Presidential Election. Minsk – Warsaw: Analytical Group – East European Democratic Centre, s. 30–46.
Zaprudnik, J. (1993): Belarus – at a crossroads in history. Boulder: Westview Press.

Internetové zdroje

Belarus (http://travelfinder.com/wfacts2/bo.html).
Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, on-line text (http://law.by/work/EnglPortal.nsf/Razdely/033?OpenDocument).
Country Information - Belarus (http://www.eventsworldwide.com/c-belarus.htm).
Elections around the World: Belarus (http://www.agora.stm.it/elections/election/country/by.htm).
Hug, Ch. – Chudakov, M. (2003): The Constitutional process in the republic of Belarus 1990–1994. Preliminary results, on-line text (http://law.touro.edu/publications/internationallawrev/vol6/part3.html).
Library of Congress/Country Studies/ Belarus (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bytoc.html).
MIM Official Bookstore – Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin: The Memoirs of Yegor Ligachev (http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/bookstore/ligachev.html).
Political Parties, Rankings and Polls in Belarus (http://www.belarusian.com/belarus/ratings.html).
Republic of Belarus Presidential Election 9 September 2001. OSCE/ODIHR Limited Election Observation Mission Final Report, on-line text (http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2001/10/1237_en.pdf).
Republic of Belarus – Statistical Appendix, on-line text International Monetary Fund (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2003/cr03118.pdf).
Summary of Belarusian politics 1986–1996, on-line text (http://www.jurix.jura.uni-sb.de/~serko/law_pol/politics.html).

Metrics

1443

Views

349

PDF (Čeština) views

632

HTML (Čeština) views