Optimisation Of A Throwing Distance To Test Throw Accuracy Of 11–14 Year Old Children
Vol.5,No.1(2011)
Throwing accuracy is currently not being given enough development within school PE lessons. It is mainly being developed as a part skill for particular sports disciplines. This shortcoming may stem from the lack of a suitable test assessments for this skill. As can be seen in the literature, there has only been three throwing accuracy tests intended for school youngsters (Bös 2001, Mecner 1975, Měkota; Blahuš 1983). These tests consisted of a few repeated throws, which failed to distinguish throwing distance for boys and girls for all age groups and in addition requires a rather complicated graphic record of successful target hits that cannot be assessed easily and quickly during a PE lesson. The purpose of the study is to create a test for measuring throwing accuracy at a target, which eliminates the aforementioned shortcomings. The optimisation of the throwing distance is based on the condition of a normal Gaussian distribution of data related to individual throwing distances, and on the condition that an average number of target hits within the throwing distance will be close to 7.5 target hits. To assess the importance differences of observed throwing distances, the one-factor ANOVA (One Way Analysis of Variance) was used. The assessed group consisted of 105 boys and 114 girls from three randomly selected schools in Ostrava. Subjects were between 11 and 14 years old. Three throwing distances were determined (boys 6; 8; 10 m, girls 3.5; 5.5; 7.5 m) in combination with a vertical round target of 0.7m in diameter. Each subject used an overarm throwing technique and made 20 throws for each throwing distance. The test score was the number of target hits from the 6th - 20th throw (training: 1st -5th throw). The optimum throwing distances were identified for the accuracy test of a target throw for boys of the 11-12-year category (6 m), 13-14 year category (8 m), for girls of the 11-12 year category (5.5 m), 13-14 year category (7.5 m) while using a target of 0.7 m in diameter.
throw; accuracy; dexterity test; 11-14 year old children
BARTLETT, R. Principles of Th rowing. In Biomechanics in Sport. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2000, s. 365-380. ISBN 978-0-7360-6338-8.
BAYIOS, I., BOUDOLOS, K. Accuracy and throwing velocity in handball. In XVI International Symposium on Biomechnics in Sports. Konstanz: Universitätsverlag Konstanz, 1998, s. 55-58. ISSN 1999-4168.
BÖS, K. Handbuch Motorische Tests. Göttingen: Hogrefe, 2001. ISBN 3-8017-0411-4.
DUPUY, M.A.; MOTTET, D.; RIPOLL, H. Th e regulation of release parameters in underarm precision throwing. Journal of Sports Science, 2000, roč. 18, č. 6, s. 375-382. ISSN 02640414.https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410050074304
EDWARDS, B.; WATERHOUSE, J.; ATKINSON, G.; REILLY, T. Eff ects of time of day and distance upon accuracy and consistency of throwing darts. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2007, roč. 25, č. 13, s.1531-1538. ISSN 02640414.https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701244975
FITTS, P. M. Th e information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1954, 47, s. 381-391. ISSN 0022-1015.
GAJDA, V. Reliabilita motorických testů a model měření. In Diagnostika motoriky mládeže. Ostrava: Repronis, 2006, s. 43-46.
HUBBARD, M. Th e Flight of Sports Projectiles. In Biomechanics in Sport.. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2000, s. 381-400. ISBN 978-0-7360-6338-8.
MALINA, M.R.; BOUCHARD, C.; BAR-OR, O. Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2004. ISBN 0-88011-882-2.
MALINA, M. R. Reliability of diff erent methods of scoring throwing accuracy. Th e Research Quaterly, 1968, 39, s.149-160. MECNER, J. Příspěvek k hodnocení spolehlivosti testu házení na cíl. Teorie a praxe tělesné výchovy, 1975, 23, s. 727-733. ISSN 0040358X
MĚKOTA, K.; BLAHUŠ, P. Motorické testy v tělesné výchově. Praha: SPN, 1983.
MILLER, S. Variability in basketball shooting: Practical implications. In Proceedings of XVII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports. Hong Kong: Department of Science and Physical Education, Th e Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000, s. 887-894. ISSN 1999-4168.
MILLER, S.; BARTLETT, R. Th e eff ects of increased distance on basketball shooting kinematics. In Proceedings of the tenth ISBS Symposium. Milano: Edi. Ermes, 1992, s. 44-47. ISSN 1999-4168.
SEBERA, M.; NOVOTNÝ, M.; ZVONAŘ, M.; BERÁNKOVÁ, L. Biomechanická 3D analýza hodu oštěpem. Studia sportiva, Brno: FSpS MU, 2008, 2, s. 27–40. ISSN 1802-7679. SCHMIDT, R. A.; LEE, D. L. Motor control and learning: a behavioral emphasis. Champaign, IL: Sheridan Books, 2005. ISBN 0-7360-4258-X.
TERANDO, M.; RANGANATHAN, R.; CARLTON, L.G. Projektile motion: Th e eff ects of relative release height and target distance on release parameters. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 2007, 29, s. 135-136. ISSN 08952779.
VAN ROSSUM, J.H.A.; BOOTSMA, R.J. Th e underarm throw for accuracy in children. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1989, roč. 7, č. 2, s. 101-112. ISSN 026404041.https://doi.org/10.1080/02640418908729829
ZAHRADNÍK, D.; VAVERKA, F.; GAJDA, V. Optimization of the size of a target and the throwing distance during a throw at a target for adults. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis, 2008, roč. 38, č. 4, s. 39-47. ISSN 1212-1185.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright © 2017 Studia sportiva