Outdoor Adventure Education as a Vehicle for Social and Emotional Learning in Physical Education: A Curriculum-Based Review and Conceptual Contribution
Vol.19,No.2(2025)
Outdoor Adventure Education (OAE) has become an increasingly relevant pedagogical approach to support Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) in physical education. This article presents a curriculum-based conceptual review developed within the Erasmus+ project OutAdvEd, which connects six European institutions in a joint effort to promote holistic learner development through OAE. Based on a rapid review of 19 empirical and review studies published since 2010, the article examines the benefits, pedagogical strategies, and curricular implications of integrating OAE into physical education. The analysis is guided by two theoretical frameworks: the OECD model of social and emotional competencies and a four-dimensional curriculum structure focusing on goals, content, methods and classroom management. The findings indicate that OAE can effectively foster SEL-related competencies such as emotional regulation, collaboration, leadership and resilience, provided that implementation is supported by clear objectives, experiential methods and inclusive facilitation. The article concludes with a proposed model for integrating OAE into physical education and teacher education, along with practical recommendations for curriculum development and educational policy.
teacher education; experiential pedagogy; social competence; emotional competence; educational innovation; curriculum development; inclusive pedagogy
Bailey, R. P., Vašíčková, J., Vlček, P., Demidoff, A. R., Pühse, U., Heck, S., & Scheuer, C. (2022). An International Review of the Contributions of School-based Physical Activity, Physical Education, and School Sport to the Promotion of Health-enhancing Physical Activity. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5899571
Biggs, J., & Tang, C. (2007). Teaching for quality learning at university Buckingham. SRHE and Open University Press.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Cooley, S. J. (2015). Developing groupwork skills and self-efficacy through outdoor adventure education. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 15(1), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2013.867813
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
Donnelly, J. (2013). Outdoor learning and social inclusion: An exploration of how children at risk of exclusion experience learning in natural environments. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 18(4), 351–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2013.819251
Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82(1), 405–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x
Donaldson, G. W., & Donaldson, L. E. (1958). Outdoor education a definition. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation, 29(5), 17–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221473.1958.10630353
Gass, M. A. (2013). Adventure education: Theory and applications. Human Kinetics.
Griffin, M. (2020). Rethinking physical education: The emerging potential of outdoor adventure education. European Physical Education Review, 26(2), 133–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X19845021
Hattie, J., Marsh, H. W., Neill, J. T., & Richards, G. E. (2017). Adventure education and at-risk students: A meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Education, 65(3), 243–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.1997.9943457
Heather, P. (2021). Lasting impacts of outdoor adventure on youth development: A systematic review. Educational Review, 73(1), 112–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2020.1725282
Holman, D., Pavlica, K., & Thorpe, R. (1997). Rethinking Kolb's theory of experiential learning in management education: The contribution of social constructionism and activity theory. Management Learning, 28(2), 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507697282003
James, J. D., & Sorenson, T. D. (2016). Outdoor adventure activities for social and emotional learning: An approach to positive youth development. Journal of Experiential Education, 39(1), 58–71.
John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 102–138). Guilford Press.
Khangura, S., Konnyu, K., Cushman, R., Grimshaw, J., & Moher, D. (2012). Evidence summaries: the evolution of a rapid review approach. Systematic Reviews, 1(1), 10.
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning. Prentice-Hall
Lee, S., & Zhang, D. (2019). Impact of adventure education on adolescents’ peer relationships and emotional growth: A systematic review. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19(4), 1332–1340. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.04193
Martin, P., & Priest, S. (1986). Understanding the adventure experience. Journal of Adventure Education, 3(1), 18–21.
Mann, J., Gray, T., & Truong, S. (2022). Rediscovering the potential of outdoor learning for developing 21st century competencies. In T. Gray, S. Truong, & D. Mitten (Eds.), High-quality outdoor learning (pp. 211–229). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04108-2_12
Maňák, J., Janík, T., & Švec, V. (2008). Kurikulum současné školy [Curriculum in contemporary school]. Paido.
Mateer, S., Turner, D., & Field, S. (2023). The role of Outward Bound and outdoor adventure education in social-emotional development: A review. International Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 23(1), 56–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2022.2138469
McKenzie, M. D. (2000). How are adventure education program outcomes achieved?: A review of the literature. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 5(1), 19–27. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03400637
Meerts-Brandsma, L., Lackey, N. Q., & Warner, R. P. (2020). Unpacking systems of privilege: The opportunity of critical reflection in outdoor adventure education. Education sciences, 10(11), 318.
Munn, Z., Stern, C., Aromataris, E., Lockwood, C., & Jordan, Z. (2018). What kind of systematic review should I conduct? A proposed typology and guidance for systematic reviewers in the medical and health sciences. BMC medical research methodology, 18(1), 1–9.
OECD (2018). Social and Emotional Skills: Well-being, connectedness and success. Directorate for Education and Skills: OECD. https://issuu.com/oecd.publishing/docs/updated_social_and_emotional_skills_-_well-being__
OECD. (2021). The state of global education: 18 months into the pandemic. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2021/09/the-state-of-global-education_f3f08b36/1a23bb23-en.pdf
Opper, C. A. (2013). Measuring emotional intelligence through outdoor adventure education. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 5(2), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.7768/1948-5123.1184
Opstoel, K., Chapelle, L., Prins, F. J., & Haerens, L. (2019). The role of physical education in promoting positive youth development: A review of literature. Educational Review, 71(3), 295–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2017.1410985
Passy, R., Bentsen, P., Gray, T., & Ho, S. (2019). Integrating outdoor learning into the curriculum: An exploration in four nations. Curriculum Perspectives, 39(1), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41297-019-00070-8.
Pretty, J., Peacock, J., Sellens, M., & Griffin, M. (2007). The mental and physical health outcomes of green exercise. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 15(5), 319–337.
Prince, H. E. (2021). The lasting impacts of outdoor adventure residential experiences on young people. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 21(3), 261–276. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2020.1784764
Prouty, D., Panicucci, J., & Collinson, R. (Eds.) (2007). Adventure education: Theory and applications. Human Kinetics.
Ressler, J. (2012). Teacher training in adventure-based physical education: Toward effective professional development. Physical Education Matters, 7(2), 24–28.
Richmond, D., Sibthorp, J., Gookin, J., Annarella, S., & Ferri, S. (2017). Complementing classroom learning through adventure education: A review. Journal of Experiential Education, 40(4), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825917712739
Schoel, J. Prouty, D., & Radcliffe, P. (1988). Islands of Healing. A Guide to Adventure Based Counseling. Project Adventure, Inc.,
Stremba, B., & Bisson, C. A. (Eds.) (2009). Teaching adventure education theory: Best practices. Human Kinetics.
Sutherland, S., & Legge, M. (2016). The possibilities of “doing” outdoor and/or adventure education in physical education/teacher education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 35(4), 299–312. https://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2016-0161
Tricco, A. C., Langlois, E., & Straus, S. E. (2017). Rapid reviews to strengthen health policy andsystems: a practical guide. Geneva: World Health Organization.
UNESCO (2015). Quality Physical Education (QPE): Guidelines for Policy-makers. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000231101/PDF/231101eng.pdf.multi (accessed 2025-05-10).
Vlček, P. (2021). K revizi koncepce tělesné výchovy v České republice – směřování k pohybové gramotnosti. Gramotnost, pregramotnost a vzdělávání, 5(2), 51–66.
Vlček, P., Bailey, R., Vašíčková, J., & Scheuer, C. (2021). Physical education and health enhancing physical activity - a European perspective. International Sports Studies, 43(1), 36–51. https://doi.org/10.30819/iss.43-1.04
Vlček, P., Skotáková, A., Hřebíčková, S., Saaranen-Kauppinen, A., Muittari, J., Dania, A., Anagnostopoulos, C., Kossyva, E., Ntalachani, K., Caballero, P., Lasaga Rodrigez, M. J., Latorre Romero, A., Ramirez Macias, G., Popeska, B., Janemalm, L., Cools, W., Adamakis, M., & Lemling, A. (2025a). Outdoor Adventure Education Curriculum Framework for Youth Social and Emotional Learning. Brno: Masaryk University. https://doi.org/10.5817/CZ.MUNI.M280-0723-2025
Vlček, P., Skotáková, A., Hřebíčková, S., Saaranen-Kauppinen, A., Muittari, J., Dania, A., Anagnostopoulos, C., Kossyva, E., Ntalachani, K., Caballero, P., Lasaga Rodrigez, M. J., Latorre Romero, A., Ramirez Macias, G., Popeska, B., Janemalm, L., Cools, W., Adamakis, M., & Lemling, A. (2025b). Outdoor Adventure Education Curriculum Model: Template for Youth Social and Emotional Learning. Brno: Masaryk University. https://doi.org/10.5817/CZ.MUNI.M280-0721-2025
World Health Organization. (2018) More active people for a healthier world: Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Williams, R., & Wainwright, N. (2016). A pedagogy of adventure: Researching outdoor adventure education in schools. Education 3–13, 44(2), 155–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2014.963027
Wurdinger, S. D., & Carlson, J. A. (2010). Teaching for experiential learning: Five approaches that work. Rowman & Littlefield Education.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright © 2025 Alena Skotáková, Petr Vlček, Sylva Hřebíčková, Anita Saaranen-Kauppinen, Jussi Muittari, Aspasia Dania, Charalambos Anagnostopoulos, Eirini Kossyva, Pablo Caballero-Blanco, Kallirroi Ntalachani, Maria Jose Lasaga Rodrigez, Agueda Latorre Romero, Gonzalo Ramirez Macias, Biljana Popeska, Lucas Janemalm, Wouter Cools, Manolis Adamakis , Alina Lemling