Acute and Delayed Postactivation Performance Enhancement of a Portable Flywheel Isoinertial Device Versus Traditional Resistance Protocol on Countermovement Jump Performance
Vol.19,No.2(2025)
The aim of this study was to investigate the acute and delayed effects of two postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocols on countermovement jump (CMJ) height without arm work. 16 strength-trained male participants from various team sports performed, in a single-group, non-synchronous crossover experiment, two different PAPE protocols: traditional resistance using free weights (TR) and resistance generated using an isoinertial flywheel device (FW). Familiarization sessions were conducted prior to the protocols. The TR protocol resistance was set at power maximum (Pmax) determined through diagnostic series of progressive loading. The FW protocol used an encoder to set resistances, and the resistance with the highest Pmax in concetric phase was selected. Each protocol consisted of 3 sets of 6 repetitions with a 2-minute rest interval. CMJ height was measured at baseline, 6 minutes, and 24 hours after the both PAPE protocols. The CMJ height significantly increased at 6 minutes after FW protocol (p < 0.01) and after TR protocol (p < 0.05) but did not significantly increase after 24 hours after both protocols (p < 0.05). In conclusion the FW and TR protocol showed significant increases after 6 minutes but not after 24 hours in CMJ height. This suggests that FW and TR protocol can be a effective method for acutely inducing CMJ height improvements but not after 24 hours.
post activation enhancement; countermovement jump; traditional resistance; isoinertial flywheel resistance; power maximum; strength training
Allen, W. J. C., De Keijzer, K. L., Raya-González, J., Castillo, D., Coratella, G., & Beato, M. (2021). Chronic effects of flywheel training on physical capacities in soccer players: a systematic review. Research in Sports Medicine, 31(3), 228–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2021.1958813
Beato, M., Bigby, A. E. J., De Keijzer, K. L., Nakamura, F. Y., Coratella, G., & McErlain-Naylor, S. A. (2019). Post-activation potentiation effect of eccentric overload and traditional weightlifting exercise on jumping and sprinting performance in male athletes. PloS one, 14(9), e0222466. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222466
Beato, M., de Keijzer, K. L., Fleming, A., Coates, A., La Spina, O., Coratella, G., & McErlain-Naylor, S. A. (2023). Post flywheel squat vs. flywheel deadlift potentiation of lower limb isokinetic peak torques in male athletes. Sports biomechanics, 22(11), 1514–1527. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2020.1810750
Beato, M., Stiff, A., & Coratella, G. (2021a). Effects of Postactivation Potentiation After an Eccentric Overload Bout on Countermovement Jump and Lower-Limb Muscle Strength. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 35(7), 1825–1832. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003005
Beato, M., De Keijzer, K. L., Leskauskas, Z., Allen, W. J., Dello Iacono, A., & McErlain-Naylor, S. A. (2021b). Effect of Postactivation Potentiation After Medium vs. High Inertia Eccentric Overload Exercise on Standing Long Jump, Countermovement Jump, and Change of Direction Performance. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 35(9), 2616–2621. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003214
Cook, C. J., Kilduff, L. P., Crewther, B. T., Beaven, M., & West, D. J. (2014). Morning based strength training improves afternoon physical performance in rugby union players. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 17(3), 317–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.04.016
Cuenca-Fernández, F., Smith, I. C., Jordan, M. J., MacIntosh, B. R., López-Contreras, G., Arellano, R., & Herzog, W. (2017). Nonlocalized postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) effects in trained athletes: a pilot study. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, 42(10), 1122–1125. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0217
de Hoyo, M., de la Torre, A., Pradas, F., Sañudo, B., Carrasco, L., Mateo-Cortes, J., Domínguez-Cobo, S., Fernandes, O., & Gonzalo-Skok, O. (2015). Effects of eccentric overload bout on change of direction and performance in soccer players. International journal of sports medicine, 36(4), 308–314. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1395521
de Keijzer, K. L., McErlain-Naylor, S. A., Dello Iacono, A., & Beato, M. (2020). Effect of Volume on Eccentric Overload-Induced Postactivation Potentiation of Jumps. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 15(7), 976–981. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0411
Dote-Montero, M., Pelayo-Tejo, I., Molina-Garcia, P., Carle-Calo, A., García-Ramos, A., & Chirosa-Ríos, L. et al. (2022). Effects of post-tetanic potentiation induced by whole-body electrostimulation and post-activation potentiation on maximum isometric strength. Biology of Sport, 39(2), 451-461. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2022.106153
Fu, K., Chen, L., Poon, E. T., Wang, R., Li, Q., Liu, H., & Ho, I. M. K. (2023). Post-activation performance enhancement of flywheel training on lower limb explosive power performance. Frontiers in physiology, 14, 1217045. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1217045
Gołaś, A., Maszczyk, A., Zajac, A., Mikołajec, K., & Stastny, P. (2016). Optimizing post activation potentiation for explosive activities in competitive sports. Journal of human kinetics, 52, 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0197
Gonzalo-Skok, O., Tous-Fajardo, J., Valero-Campo, C., Berzosa, C., Bataller, A. V., Arjol-Serrano, J. L., Moras, G., & Mendez-Villanueva, A. (2017). Eccentric-Overload Training in Team-Sport Functional Performance: Constant Bilateral Vertical Versus Variable Unilateral Multidirectional Movements. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 12(7), 951–958. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0251
Hall, K. B., Immink, M. A., Martin, D. T., Bennett, H., & Crowther, R. G. (2024). Dose-Response Effect of an Inertia Flywheel Postactivation Performance Enhancement Protocol on Countermovement Jump Performance. Journal of applied biomechanics, 40(2), 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.2023-0217
Ishida, A., Bazyler, C. D., Suarez, D. G., Slaton, J. A., White, J. B., & Stone, M. H. (2023). The difference between several neuromuscular tests for monitoring resistance-training induced fatigue. Journal of sports sciences, 41(3), 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2023.2207852
Koźlenia, D., & Domaradzki, J. (2024). Postsubmaximal Isometric Full Squat Jump Potentiation in Trained Men. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 38(3), 459–464. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004647
Koźlenia, D., & Domaradzki, J. (2023). The sex effects on changes in jump performance following an isometric back squat conditioning activity in trained adults. Frontiers in physiology, 14, 1156636. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1156636
Maroto-Izquierdo, S., Bautista, I. J., & Martín Rivera, F. (2020). Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) after a single bout of high-intensity flywheel resistance training. Biology of sport, 37(4), 343–350. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2020.96318
McErlain-Naylor, S. A., & Beato, M. (2021). Post Flywheel Squat Potentiation of Vertical and Horizontal Ground Reaction Force Parameters during Jumps and Changes of Direction. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 9(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9010005
Monteiro, E. R., Vingren, J. L., Corrêa Neto, V. G., Neves, E. B., Steele, J., & Novaes, J. S. (2019). Effects of Different Between Test Rest Intervals in Reproducibility of the 10-Repetition Maximum Load Test: A Pilot Study with Recreationally Resistance Trained Men. International journal of exercise science, 12(4), 932–940. https://doi.org/10.70252/RYPO6126
Muñoz-López, A., Nakamura, F. Y., & Beato, M. (2023). Eccentric overload differences between loads and training variables on flywheel training. Biology of sport, 40(4), 1151–1158. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2023.122483
Pearson, S. J., & Hussain, S. R. (2014). Lack of association between postactivation potentiation and subsequent jump performance. European journal of sport science, 14(5), 418–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.837511
Piper, A. D., Joubert, D. P., Jones, E. J., & Whitehead, M. T. (2020). Comparison of Post-Activation Potentiating Stimuli on Jump and Sprint Performance. International journal of exercise science, 13(4), 539–553. https://doi.org/10.70252/RPEZ7761
Prieske, O., Behrens, M., Chaabene, H., Granacher, U., & Maffiuletti, N. A. (2020). Time to Differentiate Postactivation "Potentiation" from "Performance Enhancement" in the Strength and Conditioning Community. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 50(9), 1559–1565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01300-0
Raastad, T., & Hallén, J. (2000). Recovery of skeletal muscle contractility after high- and moderate-intensity strength exercise. European journal of applied physiology, 82(3), 206–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050673
Rixon, K. P., Lamont, H. S., & Bemben, M. G. (2007). Influence of type of muscle contraction, gender, and lifting experience on postactivation potentiation performance. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 21(2), 500–505. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-18855.1
Robbins, D. W., & Docherty, D. (2005). Effect of loading on enhancement of power performance over three consecutive trials. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 19(4), 898–902. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-15634.1
Sabido, R., Hernández-Davó, J. L., & Pereyra-Gerber, G. T. (2018). Influence of Different Inertial Loads on Basic Training Variables During the Flywheel Squat Exercise. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 13(4), 482–489. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0282
Saez Saez de Villarreal, E., González-Badillo, J. J., & Izquierdo, M. (2007). Optimal warm-up stimuli of muscle activation to enhance short and long-term acute jumping performance. European journal of applied physiology, 100(4), 393–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0440-9
Sañudo, B., de Hoyo, M., Haff, G. G., & Muñoz-López, A. (2020). Influence of Strength Level on the Acute Post-Activation Performance Enhancement Following Flywheel and Free Weight Resistance Training. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 20(24), 7156. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247156
Sari, C., Koz, M., Salcman, V., Gabrys, T., & Karayigit, R. (2022). Effect of Post-Activation Potentiation on Sprint Performance after Combined Electromyostimulation and Back Squats. Applied Sciences, 12(3), 1481. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031481
Souza, V. A., Barreto, R. V., Mantovani, G. B., Greco, C. C., Denadai, B. S., Nosaka, K., & Lima, L. C. R. (2023). Effects of Loaded Plyometric Exercise on Post-Activation Performance Enhancement of Countermovement Jump in Sedentary Men. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 94(1), 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2021.1954586
Suchomel, T. J., Nimphius, S., & Stone, M. H. (2016). The Importance of Muscular Strength in Athletic Performance. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 46(10), 1419–1449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0486-0
Tesch, P. A., Fernandez-Gonzalo, R., & Lundberg, T. R. (2017). Clinical Applications of Iso-Inertial, Eccentric-Overload (YoYo™) Resistance Exercise. Frontiers in physiology, 8, 241. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00241
Timon, R., Allemano, S., Camacho-Cardeñosa, M., Camacho-Cardeñosa, A., Martinez-Guardado, I., & Olcina, G. (2019). Post-Activation Potentiation on Squat Jump Following Two Different Protocols: Traditional Vs. Inertial Flywheel. Journal of human kinetics, 69, 271–281. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0017
Tous-Fajardo, J., Gonzalo-Skok, O., Arjol-Serrano, J. L., & Tesch, P. (2016). Enhancing Change-of-Direction Speed in Soccer Players by Functional Inertial Eccentric Overload and Vibration Training. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 11(1), 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0010
Tseng, K. W., Chen, J. R., Chow, J. J., Tseng, W. C., Condello, G., Tai, H. L., & Fu, S. K. (2021). Post-activation Performance Enhancement after a Bout of Accentuated Eccentric Loading in Collegiate Male Volleyball Players. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(24), 13110. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413110
Tsolakis, C., Bogdanis, G. C., Nikolaou, A., & Zacharogiannis, E. (2011). Influence of type of muscle contraction and gender on postactivation potentiation of upper and lower limb explosive performance in elite fencers. Journal of sports science & medicine, 10(3), 577–583.
Tsoukos, A., Veligekas, P., Brown, L. E., Terzis, G., & Bogdanis, G. C. (2018). Delayed Effects of a Low-Volume, Power-Type Resistance Exercise Session on Explosive Performance. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 32(3), 643–650. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001812
Xie, H., Zhang, W., Chen, X., He, J., Lu, J., Gao, Y., Li, D., Li, G., Ji, H., & Sun, J. (2022). Flywheel eccentric overload exercises versus barbell half squats for basketball players: Which is better for induction of post-activation performance enhancement?. PloS ONE, 17(11), e0277432. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277432
Vargas-Molina S, Salgado-Ramírez U, Chulvi-Medrano I, Carbone L, Maroto-Izquierdo S, Benítez-Porres J (2021). Comparison of post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) after isometric and isotonic exercise on vertical jump performance. PLoS ONE 16(12): e0260866. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260866
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright © 2025 Julián Enrik Smoliga, Peter Mitašík, Miroslav Vavák