Problems of Remote Driver Regulation from the Point of View of Theory and Practice
Vol.31,No.3(2023)
The issue of automated vehicles is no longer the subject of science fiction literature, but more and more member states are adopting regulations of the phenomenon in question. The presented article deals with a closely related issue – the remote driver. The role of the driver who controls an automated vehicle remotely may be different from the perspective of duties in the traditional perception of a motor vehicle driver. The presented article focuses on the field of automated vehicles from the point of view of the role and duties of the remote driver. The aim of this article is firstly to compare the role of the driver of a classic vehicle and the remote driver of an automated vehicle. Secondly, the authors offer a discussion and recommendations for legislation in the context of duties and questions of the practical functioning of a remote driver.
Automated Vehicle; Remote Driver; Autonomy; Data Protection
737–764
Jozef Andraško
Institute of Information Technology Law and Intellectual Property Law, Faculty of Law, Comenius University Bratislava
Faculty of Law, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Matúš Mesarčík
Institute of Information Technology Law and Intellectual Property Law, Faculty of Law, Comenius University Bratislava
Faculty of Law, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
ANDRAŠKO, J., MESARČÍK, M. Čo vieš o mojom vozidle? Ochrana osobných údajov a kybernetická bezpečnosť v kontexte autonómnych vozidiel. Revue pro právo a technologie. 2020, roč. 11, č. 22, s. 3–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5817/RPT2020-2-1
COLLINGWOOD, L. Privacy implications and liability issues of autonomous vehicles. Information & Communications Technology Law. 2017, roč. 26, č. 1, s. 32–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2017.1269871
DUCUING, Ch. Towards an Obligation to Secure Connected and Automated Vehicles “by Design”? In: VEDDER, A. a kol. Security and law. Legal and Ethical Aspects of Public Security, Cyber Security and Critical Infrastructure. Cambridge: Intersentia, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781780688909.008
EBERS, M. Civil liability for autonomous vehicles in Germany. SSRN [online]. 2022 [cit. 8. 12. 2022]. Dostupné z: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4027594
FIALOVÁ, E. Právní aspekty provozu autonimních vozidel se zamežením na osobu řidiče. In: ŠTEDROŇ, B. a kol. Právo a umělá inteligence. Plzeň: Aleš Čenek, 2020.
FRISONI, R. a kol. Research for TRAN Committee–Self-Piloted Cars: The Future of Road Transport? European Parliament [online]. 2016, s. 20 [cit. 8. 12. 2022]. Dostupné z: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/IPOL_STU(2016)573434
CHESTERMAN, S. We, the Robots? Regulating artificial intelligence and the limits of law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009047081
KNIEPS, G. Internet of Things, Big Data and the Economics of Networked Vehicles. Telecommunications Policy. 2019, roč. 43, č. 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2018.09.002
KOUROUTAKIS, A. E. Autonomous Vehicles; Regulatory Challenges and the Response From UK and Germany. 46 Mitchell Hamline Law Review forthcoming. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3441264
LIM, H.S.M., TAEIHAGH, A. Autonomous Vehicles for Smart and Sustainable Cities: An In-Depth Exploration of Privacy and Cybersecurity Implications. Energies. 2018, roč. 11, č. 5.
MAKRIDIS, M. a kol. Connected and Automated Vehicles on a freeway scenario. Effect ontraffic congestion and network capacity. Proceedings of 7th Transport Research Arena TRA 2018 [online]. April 16–19, 2018, Viedeň, Rakúsko [cit. 8. 12. 2022]. Dostupné z: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/connected-and-automatedvehicles-freeway-scenario-effect-traffic-congestion-and-network-capacity
PURTOVA, N. Health data for common good: Defining the boundaries and social dilemmas of data commons. In: ADAMS, S., PURTOVA, N., LEENES, R. (eds.). Under observation: The interplay between eHealth and surveillance [online]. Springer International [cit. 8. 12. 2022]. Dostupné z: http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319483405
SKEETE, JP. Level 5 autonomy: The new face of disruption in road transport. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. Elsevier, 2018, roč. 134(C). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.05.003
SMITH, B. New Technologies and Old Treaties. AJIL Unbound [online]. 2020, č. 114 [cit. 8. 12. 2022]. Dostupné z: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/new-technologies-and-old-treaties/C0903CDB5BA3C19D3E9A44FE7473DD7A
TAEIHAGH, A., SI MIN LIM, H. Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks. Transport Reviews. 2019, roč. 39. č. 1.
VELLINGA, N. E., MULDER, T. Exploring data protection challenges of automated driving. Computer Law & Security Review. 2021, roč. 40, č. 105530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2021.105530
YEEFEN LIM, H. Autonomous Vehicles and the Law Technology, Algorithms and Ethics. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788115117.00007
C-Roads Platform [online]. [cit. 8. 12. 2022]. Dostupné z: https://www.c-roads.eu/platform.html
COMMITTEE ON LEGAL AFFAIRS AND HUMAN RIGHTS. Legal aspects of “autonomous” vehicles. Rada Evropy [online]. 2020, 14 s. [cit. 8. 12. 2022]. Dostupné z: https://assembly.coe.int/LifeRay/JUR/Pdf/DocsAndDecs/2020/AS-JUR-2020-20-EN.pdf
Cybersecurity challenges in the uptake of artificial intelligence in autonomous driving. ENISA [online]. 2021 [cit. 8. 12. 2022]. Dostupné z: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/news/enisa-news/cybersecurity-challenges-in-the-uptake-of-artificial-intelligence-in-autonomous-driving
Guidance. Code of Practice: automated vehicle trialling. GOV.UK [online]. 28. 1. 2022 [cit. 8. 12. 2022]. Dostupné z: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/trialling-automated-vehicle-technologies-in-public/code-of-practice-automated-vehicle-trialling
Expertná skupina Komisie pre kooperatívnu, prepojenú, automatizovanú a autonómnu mobilitu [online]. [cit. 8. 12. 2022]. Dostupné z: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/its/c-its_en
PAS 1884:2021 Safety operators in automated vehicle testing and trialling–Guide. BSI [online]. [cit. 8. 12. 2022]. Dostupné z: https://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/CAV/pas-1884/
Štandard SAE J3016_202104. Taxonómia a definície pojmov súvisiacich so systémami automatizovaného riadenia pre cestné motorové vozidlá. SAE [online]. [cit. 8. 12. 2022]. Dostupné z: https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j3016_202104/
Nariadenie Európskeho parlamentu a Rady (EÚ) 2016/679 z 27. apríla 2016 o ochrane fyzických osôb pri spracúvaní osobných údajov a o voľnom pohybe takýchto údajov, ktorým sa zrušuje smernica 95/46/ES (všeobecné nariadenie o ochrane údajov). Ú. v. EÚ L 119, 4.5.2016, s. 1–88.
Nariadenie Európskeho parlamentu a Rady (EÚ) 2019/2144 z 27. novembra 2019 o požiadavkách na typové schvaľovanie motorových vozidiel a ich prípojných vozidiel a systémov, komponentov a samostatných technických jednotiek určených pre tieto vozidlá, pokiaľ ide o ich všeobecnú bezpečnosť a ochranu cestujúcich vo vozidle a zraniteľných účastníkov cestnej premávky, ktorým sa mení nariadenie Európskeho parlamentu a Rady (EÚ) 2018/858 a ktorým sa zrušujú nariadenia Európskeho parlamentu a Rady (ES) č. 78/2009, (ES) č. 79/2009 a (ES) č. 661/2009 a nariadenia Komisie (ES) č. 631/2009, (EÚ) č. 406/2010, (EÚ) č. 672/2010, (EÚ) č. 1003/2010, (EÚ) č. 1005/2010, (EÚ) č. 1008/2010, (EÚ) č. 1009/2010, (EÚ) č. 19/2011, (EÚ) č. 109/2011, (EÚ) č. 458/2011, (EÚ) č. 65/2012, (EÚ) č. 130/2012, (EÚ) č. 347/2012, (EÚ) č. 351/2012, (EÚ) č. 1230/2012 a (EÚ) 2015/166. Ú. v. EÚ L 325, 16.12.2019, s. 1–40.
Návrh zákona o automatizovaných vozidlách. Národná rada SR [online]. [cit. 8. 12. 2022]. Dostupné z: https://www.nrsr.sk/web/Default.aspx?sid=zakony/zakon&MasterID=8846
OECD/ITF. Automated and Autonomous Driving Regulation under uncertainty. 2015.
Predpis OSN č. 155–Jednotné ustanovenia na účely typového schvaľovania vozidiel vzhľadom na kybernetickú bezpečnosť a systém riadenia kybernetickej bezpečnosti [2021/387].
Predpis OSN č. 157–Predpis OSN č. 157–Jednotné ustanovenia na schvaľovanie vozidiel, pokiaľ ide o systém automatizovaného udržiavania vozidla v jazdnom pruhu [2021/389]. UNECE [online]. [cit. 8. 12. 2022]. Dostupné z: https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2021-03/R157e.pdf
UNECE. Amendment proposal to the 1968 Convention on Road Traffic. (19. december 2019) UN Doc ECE/TRANS/WP.1/2020/1.
UNECE. Consistency between the Convention on Road Traffic (1949) and Vehicle Technical Regulations. (10, január 2014) UN Doc ECE/TRANS/WP.1/2014/3.
UNECE. Informal paper on remote driving Situations when a driver operates a vehicle from the outside of the vehicle. Informal document No.1 (14. September 2021).
UNECE. Proposal for a new work item on the agenda of the Working Party on Road Traffic Safety. (11. júl 2014) UN Doc ECE/TRANS/WP.1/ 2014/7.
UNECE. Proposed Draft Resolution on Remote Driving (5. júl 2019) Un Doc ECE/TRANS/WP.1/2019/2.
UNECE. Report of the Global Forum for Road Traffic Safety on its eighty-first session. (7. október 2020) UN Doc ECE/TRANS/WP.1/173.
UNECE. Report of the Global Forum for Road Traffic Safety on its eighty-first session Addendum Amendments to Article 1 and new Article 34bis. (14. december 2020) UN Doc ECE/TRANS/WP.1/173/Add.1.
UNECE. Report of the Global Forum for Road Traffic Safety on its seventy- fifth session. (3. október 2017) UN Doc ECE/TRANS/WP.1/159.
UNECE. Report of the Seventy–second session of the Working Party on Road Traffic Safety (19. apríl 2016) UN Doc ECE/TRANS/WP.1/153.
UNECE. Report of the sixty-eighth session of the Working Party on Road Traffic Safety. (17. apríl 2014) UN Doc ECE/TRANS/WP.1/145.
UNECE. Revised Amendment proposal to the 1968 Convention on Road Traffic. (10. júl 2020) UN Doc ECE/TRANS/WP.1/2020/1/Rev.1.
UNECE. Rezolúcie o uvádzaní vysoko a plne automatizovaných vozidiel do cestnej premávky. (október 20196). Dostupné z: https://unece.org/es/node/2653 [cit. 8. 12. 2022].

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright © 2023 Jozef Andraško, Matúš Mesarčík