Several Acts and One Law as an Impulse for Reviving European (Framework) Laws
Vol.30,No.4(2022)
The short titles of several recent EU regulations or proposals contain the words ‘act’ and ‘law’. The latter reminds EU legal scholars, especially those using different EU languages, that the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe envisaged turning regulations into European laws, and directives into European framework laws. We propose to discuss their revival in terms of the so-called legislative acts, i.e., a category retained by the Lisbon Treaty, which otherwise avoids such a statist terminology, deeming it too sensitive. They are passed by the European Parliament, which is a directly elected body. A comparative look shows the difference in parliamentary statutes and instruments adopted by the executives of many nations in their languages with different nouns. This terminology also accommodates the recent preference for regulations, including dozens of them being transformed from directives. The two terms distinguished by a modifier reflect their relationship to each other.
European Union; Secondary Law; Terminology; Multilingualism; Statutes
829–854
BAAIJ, J. Legal Integration and Language Diversity. Rethinking Translation in EU Lawmaking (Oxford: Oxford University Press: 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680787.001.0001
BARBER, N. W., CAHILL, M., EKINS, R. The rise and fall of the European constitution. Oxford: Hart, 2008.
BAST, J. New Categories of Acts After the Lisbon Reform: Dynamics of Parliamentarization in the EU. Common Mkt. L. Rev. 2012, pp. 885–927. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/COLA2012034
BEST, E. Legislative Procedures after Lisbon: Fewer, Simpler, Clearer? Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. 2008, Vol. 15, no. 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X0701500109
BLOKKER, P. Experimenting with European Democracy: Citizen-driven Treaty Change and the Conference on the Future of Europe. VerfassungsBlog [online]. 21. 6. 2022. Available at: https://verfassungsblog.de/experimenting-with-european-democracy/
BRINK, T. van den. The Impact of EU Legislation on National Legal Systems: Towards a New Approach to EU – Member State Relations. Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies. 2017, pp. 211–235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/cel.2017.2
CALLIES, C., RUFFERT, M. (eds.). EUV AEUV mit Europäischer Grundrechtecharta. Kommentar. 5. ed. München: C. H. Beck, 2016.
CRAIG, P. The Lisbon Treaty. Oxford University Press, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199595013.001.0001
ECKES, Ch. The autonomy of the EU legal order. Collection of Reflection Essays on Opinion 1/17. Europe and the World: A law review. 2020, Vol. 4, no. 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.ewlj.2019.19
ENGEL, A. The Choice of Legal Basis for Acts of the European Union. Cham: Springer 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00274-9
FLETCHER, G. P. In Honour of “Ius” et “Lex”. Some Thoughts on Speaking about Law. Lecture in honour of Leon Petrażycki Inauguration of “Ius et Lex”. Legal Magazine. 2001. Available at: https://iusetlex.pl/pdf/fletcher.pdf [cit. 20. 6. 2021].
GRIMM, D. Democratic Costs of Constitutionalisation. European Law Journal. 2015, pp. 460–473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12139
GRIMM, D. Europa ja – aber welches? Zur Verfassung der europäischen Demokratie. C. H. Beck, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17104/9783406688706
HARTLEY, T. C. Constitutional Problems of the European Union. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1999.
HOFMANN, A. A Critical Analysis of the New Typology of Acts in the Draft Treaty Establishing a Constitution of Europe. European Integration Online Papers. 2003, no. 9.
HONDIUS, E., SANTOS SILVA, M., NICOLUSSI, A., CODERCH, P. S., WENDEHORTS, C., ZOLL, F. (eds.). Coronavirus and the Law in Europe. Intersentia, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781839701801
HÖPNER, M., SCHMIDT, S.. Can We Make the European Fundamental Freedoms Less Constraining? A Literature Review. Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies. 2020, pp. 182–204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/cel.2020.11
ISIKSEL, T. Europe’s Functional Constitution: A Theory of Constitutionalism Beyond the State. Oxford University Press, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198759072.001.0001
JÄGER, T. Introduction to European Union Law. Foundations, Institutions, Enforcement, Internal Market Rules. Wien: Facultas, 2021.
JENKINS, J., MODIANO, M., SEIDLHOFER, B.. Euro-English. English Today. 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078401004023
KACZYŃSKA, E. The Indo-European origin of Latin lex. Habis. 2013, pp. 7–14.
KELLERBAUER, M., KLAMMERT, M., TOMKIN, J. (eds.). EU Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights. A commentary on Art. 288. Oxford University Press, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794561.001.0001
KISCHEL, U. Rechtsvergleichung. C. H. Beck, 2015.
KISCHEL, U., HAMMEL, A. (translator) Comparative Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791355.001.0001
KOCH, A., ROSSI, M. (eds.). Kodifikation in Europa. Ausburger Studien zum Internationalen Recht. Band 10. Peter Lang, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-02085-4
KRÁL, R. On the Practice of Amending or Supplementing EU Directives by EU Delegated Regulations. European Law Review. 2020, pp. 409–414.
KŘEPELKA, F. Transformations of Directives into Regulations: Towards a More Uniform Administrative Law? European Public Law. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/EURO2021038
KUMM, M., FERRERES COMELLA, V. The primacy clause of the constitutional treaty and the future of constitutional conflict in the European Union. International Journal of Constitutional Law. 2003, pp. 473–492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moi029
KUŻELEWSKA, E. Quo Vadis English? The Post-Brexit Position of English as a Working Language of the EU. International Journal of Semiotics and Law. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-020-09782-x
LAURSEN, F. The rise and fall of the EU’s constitutional treaty. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004168060.i-560
LENAERTS, K., DESOMER, M. Towards a Hierarchy of Legal Acts in the European Union? Simplification of Legal Instruments and Procedures. European Law Journal. 2005, p. 744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2005.00285.x
MARTINI, S. Standing before the second Lisbon decade. The Legal Discourse on the Future of European Integration. Europa-Kollega Hamburg Discussion Paper. 2020, Vol. 05, no. 2.
OBERG, M.-L. Autonomy of the EU Legal Order: A Concept in Need of Revision? European Public Law. 2020, pp. 705–740. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/EURO2020061
PIRIS, J. C. Does the European Union have a constitution? Does it need one? Harvard Jean Monnet Working Paper. 2000, no. 5/00.
PIRISS, J. C. The Lisbon Treaty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 93–94.
RIDDERVOLD, M., TRONDAL, J., NEWSOME, A. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of EU Crises. Palgrave MacMillan, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51791-5
ROBERTSON, C. EU Legal English: Common Law, Civil Law, or a New Genre. European Review of Private Law. 2012, pp. 1215–1240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/ERPL2012077
RÖSCH, F. Zur Rechtsformenwahl des europäischen Gesetzgebers im Lichte des Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatzes. Von der Richtlinie zur Verordnung. Exemplifiziert anhand des Lebensmittelrechts und des Pflanzenschutzmittelrechts. Duncker & Humblot GmbH, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-53601-6
RUSSACK, S. EU parliamentary democracy: how representative? CEPS Policy Insights. 2019.
SCHARPF, F. W. De-constitutionalisation and majority rule: A democratic vision for Europe. European Law Journal. 2017, pp. 315–334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12232
SIKORA, A. Constitutionalisation of Environmental Protection in EU Law. Europa Law Publishing, 2020.
SOMSSICH, R. What Language for Europe? ELTE Law Journal. 2016, pp. 103–115.
STREPPEL, T. P. Die Rahmenkompetenz. Voraussetsungen und Rechtsfolgen der Rahmengesetzgebung des Bundes. Nomos Verlag, 2005.
SVOBODOVÁ, M. On the Concept of Legislative Acts in the European Union Law. Charles University in Prague Faculty of Law Research Paper. 2016, No. II/1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2855190
SWAAN, A. de. Words of the World: The Global Language System. Polity, 2002.
TAYLOR, S. The European Union and National Legal Languges: An Awkward Partnership? Revue francaise de linguistique appliquée, 2011, pp. 105–118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/rfla.161.0105
THYM, D. Travel Bans in Europe: A Legal Appraisal (Part I) and (Part II). EU Immigration and Asylum Law and Policy. 2020.
TUORI, K. European Constitutionalism. Cambridge University Press, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316091883
VIKARSKÁ, Z. Czechs and Balances – If the Epidemiological Situation Allows… VerfBlog [online]. 20. 5. 2020. Available at: https://verfassungsblog.de/czechs-and-balances-if-the-epidemiological-situation-allows/
VOSS, A. Fixing the GDPR: Towards Version 2.0. Position Paper. axel-voss-europa.de [online]. 25. 5. 2021. Available at: https://www.axel-voss-europa.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GDPR-2.0-ENG.pdf [cit. 15. 11. 2022].
WEATHERHILL, S. The Limits of Legislative Harmonization Ten Years after Tobacco Advertising: How the Court’s Case Law has become a “Drafting Guide”. German Law Journal. 2011, Vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 827–864. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2071832200017120
WEBBER, D. European disintegration? The politics of crisis in the European Union. London; New York: Red Globe Press, 2018.
WEILER, J. The European Community in Change: Exit, Voice and Loyalty. 1987.
WEILER, J. H. H. Do the new clothes have an Emperor? Cambridge University Press, 1999.
WUNDERLICH, N., PICKARTZ, T. Hat die Richtlinie ausgedient? Zur Wahl der Handlungsform nach Art. 296 Abs. 1(6) AEUV. Europarecht. 2014, pp. 659–670. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5771/0531-2485-2014-6-659
ZILLER, J. Separation of powers in the European Union’s intertwined system of government a treaty based analysis for the use of political scientists and constitutional lawyers. Il Politico. 2008, pp. 133–179.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright © 2022 Filip Křepelka