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The Letter of James, which provides clear instructions for a successful life, undoubtedly belongs among the most important books of the New Testament. This New Testament book, which has for the most part been overlooked in the history of the Church, has become in recent decades the focus of researchers who have been trying to rehabilitate it. At present, including the latest literature, it can be observed that among these exegetes the question of the authorship of this letter is still very much disputed. Our study aims to discuss this issue, to become acquainted with the positions of various exegetes and to present arguments for the most likely identity of the author of the Letter of James. The study is divided into three main parts. The first part surveys those bearers of the name James who are mentioned in the New Testament. The other two parts discuss the two basic positions regarding the authorship of the Letter of James that are advocated among the scholars. The second part deals with the opinion that the author of the Letter of James is a known James from an early period of the church – James, the Lord’s brother. While the third part deals with the view that the author is an unknown Hellenistic Jewish Christian. After comparing the arguments the study suggests that the Letter of James can be considered a pseudoepigraphic writing, the author of which is an educated Hellenistic Jewish Christian, who had had an extensive Greek education.