The effect of soil fertility on antioxidant enzymes activity in a subarctic woody species
Vol.11,No.1(2021)
The influence of major nutrients’ reserves (available to plants) – nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) – in the top 25-cm layer of soil on the Karelian birch (Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Mercl.) Hämet-Ahti) with non-figured and figured wood via the antioxidant enzymes’ activity was investigated. The analysis of sites in area where Karelian birch trees with varying degree of figured wood intensity were growing was carried out. The cambial zone of the sample trees during active cambial growth period was studied for the activity of AOS enzyme complex (superoxide dismutase (SOD); catalase (CAT); peroxidase (POD); polyphenol oxidase (PPO)). Cellulose content and lignin content were studied. It was noticed that the availability of major nutrients in the investigated sites had influence on the degree of figured wood intensity in Karelian birch plants. Thus, non-figured and figured Karelian birch plants that grew on sites with various levels of major nutrients’ reserves differed in the AOS enzymes’ activity, which was a consequence of different xylogenesis scenarios in the studied birch forms. It was supposed, that the certain site conditions (N, P, K levels) formation could affect the degree of figured wood intensity, cellulose and lignin content. The N level and P/N ratio had the most effects under the adequate K level. So AOS enzymes’ complex activity could indicate differences in Karelian birch wood quality in sites that differ in soil fertility (N, P, K levels).
AOS enzymes’ activity; xylogenesis; Betula pendula var. carelica; figured wood; soil fertility
Agrawal, S. B., Rathore, D. (2007): Changes in oxidative stress defense system in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) cultivars grown with and without mineral nutrients and irradiated by supplemental ultraviolet-B. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59(1): 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.09.009
Albert, K. R., Mikkelsen, T. N., Ro-Poulsen, H., Arndal, M. F. and Michelsen, A. (2011): Ambient UV-B radiation reduces PSII performance and net photosynthesis in high Arctic Salix arctica. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 73: 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.08.003
Alpert, P. (2006): Constraints of tolerance: Why are desiccation-tolerant organisms so small or rare? Journal of Experimental Biology, 209(9): 1575-1584. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02179
Amor, Y., Haigler, C. H., Johnson, S., Wainscott, M. and Delmer, D. P. (1992): A membrane-associated form of sucrose synthase and its potential role in synthesis of cellulose and callose in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 92(20): 53-57. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.20.9353
Antonova, G. F., Stasova, V. V. (2006): Seasonal development of phloem in Scots pine stems. Russian Journal of Developmental Biology, 37(5): 306-320. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062360406050043
Antonova G. F., Stasova V. V. (2008): Seasonal development of phloem in Siberian larch stems. Russian Journal of Developmental Biology, 39(4): 207-218. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062360408040024
Batasheva, S.N. (2006): Nitrate ion in apoplast of plants: Effect on photosynthesis and assimilate transport. Dissertation, Kazan. 168 p. (In Russian).
Bazilevich, N. I., Titlyanova, A. A. (2008): Biological turnover on five continents: Nitrogen and ash elements in natural terrestrial ecosystems. Publishing House of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 380 p.
Beets, P. N., Gilchrist, K. and Jeffreys, M. P. (2001): Wood density of radiata pine: Effect of nitrogen supply. Forest Ecology and Management, 45(3): 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00405-9
Borges, C. V., Minatel, I. O., Gomez-Gomez, H. A. and Lima, G. P. P. (2017): Medicinal Plants: Influence of environmental factors on the content of secondary metabolites. In: M. Ghorbanpour, A. Varma (eds.): Medicinal Plants and Environmental Challenges, Cham, Springer, pp. 259–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68717-9_15
Bourioug, M., Alaoui-Sossé, L., Laffray, X., Raouf, N., Benbrahim, M., Badot, P. M. and Alaoui-Sossé, B. (2014): Evaluation of sewage sludge effects on soil properties, plant growth, mineral nutrition state, and heavy metal distribution in European larch seedlings (Larix decidua). Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 39(7): 5325-5335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-014-1100-0
Bruskova, R. K., Nikitin, A. V., Satskaya, M. V. and Izmailov, S. F. (2009): Effect of nitrate on pea sucrosesynthase. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 56(1): 74-79. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443709010117
Chalker-Scott, L., Scott, J. D. (2004): Elevated ultraviolet-B radiation induces cross-protection to cold in leaves of Rhododendron under field conditions. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 79(2): 199-204. https://doi.org/10.1562/0031-8655(2004)079<0199:EURICT>2.0.CO;2
Chen, Y., Zhang, M., Chen, T., Zhang, Y. and An, L. (2006): The relationship between seasonal changes in anti-oxidative system and freezing tolerance in the leaves of evergreen woody plants of Sabina. South African Journal of Botany, 72(2): 272-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2005.09.004
Chikov, V. I., Avvakumova, N. Yu. and Bakirova, G. G. (2003): Postphotosynthetic utilization of labeled assimilates in fiber flax. Biology Bulletin, 30(4): 377-382. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024818124498
Chikov, V. I., Bakirova, G. G. (2004): Role of the apoplast in the control of assimilate transport, photosynthesis and plant productivity. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 51(3): 420-431. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:RUPP.0000028691.49600.c2
Couee, I., Sulmon, C., Gouesbet, G. and El Amrani, A. (2006): Involvement of soluble sugars in reactive oxygen species balance and responses to oxidative stress in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57(3): 449-459. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erj027
Cown, D. J. (1974): Wood density of radiata pine its variation and manipulation. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 19(1): 84-92.
Dani, V., Simon, W. J., Duranti, M. and Croy, R. R. (2005): Changes in the tobacco leaf apoplast proteome in response to salt stress. Proteomics, 5(3): 737-745. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200401119
Danyagri, G., Dang, Q. L. (2014): Effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration and soil temperature on the growth and biomass responses of mountain maple (Acer spicatum) seedlings to light availability. Journal of Plant Ecology, 7(6): 535-543. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtt061
Dünisch, O., Bauch, J. (1994): Influence of soil substrate and drought on wood formation of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) under controlled conditions. Holzforschung, 48(6): 447-457. https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1994.48.6.447
Ericson, B. (1966): Gallringens inverkan på vedens torr-råvolymvikt, höstvedhalt och kärnvedhalt hos tall och gran. Skogshögskolan. Institutionen för skogsproduktion. Rapporter och Uppsatser Nr., 10: 1-116.
Fernández, M. P., Norero, A., Vera, J. R. and Pérez, E. (2011): A functional–structural model for radiata pine (Pinus radiata) focusing on tree architecture and wood quality. Annals of Botany, 108(6): 1155-1178. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr156
Fernández-García, N., Carvajal, M. and Olmos, E. (2004): Graft union formation in tomato plants: Peroxidase and catalase involvement. Annals of Botany, 93(1): 53-60. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mch014
Foucart, C., Paux, E., Ladouce, N., San-Clemente, H., Grima-Pettenati, J. and Sivadon, P. (2006): Transcript profiling of a xylem vs phloem cDNA subtractive library identifies new genes expressed during xylogenesis in Eucalyptus. New Phytology, 170(4): 739-752. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01705.x
Fujii, S., Hayashi, T. and Mizuno, K. (2010): Sucrose synthase is an integral component of the cellulose synthesis machinery. Plant and Cell Physiology, 51(2): 294-301. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcp190
Galibina, N. A., Terebova, E. N. (2014): Physical-chemical properties of Betula pendula Roth trunk tissue cell walls. Proceedings of Petrozavodsk state, 4: 19-24.
Galibina, N. A., Novitskaya, L. L., Krasavina, M. S. and Moshchenskaya, Yu. L. (2015a): Activity of sucrose synthase in trunk tissues of Karelian birch during cambial growth. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 62(3): 381-389. ttps://doi.org/10.1134/S102144371503005X
Galibina, N. A., Novitskaya, L. L., Krasavina, M. S., Moshchenskaya, Yu. L. (2015b): Invertase activity in trunk tissues of Karelian birch. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 62(6): 804-813. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443715060060
Galibina, N. A., Novitskaya, L. L. and Nikerova, K. M. (2016a): Excess of exogenous nitrates inhibits formation of abnormal wood in the Karelian birch. Russian Journal of Developmental Biology, 47(2): 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106236041602003X
Galibina, N. A., Moshkina, E. V., Nikerova, K. M., Moshchenskaya, Yu. L. and Znamenskii, S. R. (2016b): Peroxydase activity indicates veining of curly birch. Lesovedenie, 4: 294-304. (In Russian).
Galibina, N. A., Novitskaya, L. L. and Sofronova I. N. (2016с): Application of nitrate nitrogen enhances the source function of leaves in Karelian birch. International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research, 10(4): 582-586.
Galibina, N. A., Novitskaya, L. L. and Nikerova, K. M. (2019a): Source-sink relations in the organs and tissues of silver birch during different scenarios of xylogenesis. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 66(2): 308-315. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443719020067
Galibina, N. A., Novitskaya, L. L., Nikerova, K. M., Moshchenskaya, Yu. L., Borodina, M. N. and Sofronova, I.N. (2019b): Apoplastic invertase activity regulation in the cambial zone of Karelian birch. Russian Journal of Developmental Biology, 50(1): 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062360419010028
Galibina, N. A., Novitskaya, L. L., Nikerova, K. M., Moshkina, E. V., Moshchenskaya, Yu. L., Borodina, M. N., Sofronova, I. N. and Nikolaeva, N. N. (2019c): Labile nitrogen availability in soil influences the expression of wood pattern in Karelian birch. Botanicheskii Zhurnal, 104(10): 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006813619100053
Geles, I. S. (2001): Drevesnaja biomassa I osnovyj ekologicheskipriemlemyh tehnologijee himikomehanicheskoj pererabotki. KarNC RAN, Petrozavodsk, 382 p. (In Russian).
Gordon, A. J., Minchin, F. R., James, C. L. and Komina, O. (1999): Sucrose synthase in legume nodules essential for nitrogen fixation. Plant Physiology, 120(3): 867-877. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.120.3.867
Gordon, A. J., Skot, L., James, C. L. and Minchin, F. R. (2002): Short term metabolic responses of soybean root nodules to nitrate. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53(368): 423-428. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/53.368.423
Gurgul, E., Herman, B. (1994): Influence of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on chemical composition and activity of some enzymes in celery during its growth. Biologia Plantarum, 36(2): 261-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02921097
Hakkila, P. (1966): Investigations on the basic density of Finnish pine, spruce and birch wood. Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae, 61(5): 1-98.
Hakkila, P. Uusvaara, O. (1968): On the basic density of plantation-grown Norway spruces. Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae, 66(6): 1-23.
Harding, S.A., Jarvie, M. M., Lindroth, R. L. and Tsai, C. J. (2009): A comparative analysis of phenylpropanoid metabolism, N utilization, and carbon partitioning in fast- and slow-growing Populus hybrid clones. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60: 3443-3452. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp180
Harris, J. M., Mcconchie, D. L. and Povey, W. A. (1978): Wood properties of clonal radiata pine grown in soils with different levels of available nitrogen, phosphorus and water. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 8(3): 417-430.
Hideg, É., Rosenqvist, E., Váradi, G., Bornman, J. and Vincze, É. (2006): A comparison of UV-B induced stress responses in three barley cultivars. Functional Plant Biology, 33(1): 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP05085
Hideg, É., Vass, I. (1996): UV-B induced free radical production in plant leaves and isolated thylakoid membranes. Plant Science, 115(2): 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(96)04364-6
Hoermiller, I. I., Naegele, T., Augustin, H., Stutz, S., Weckwerth, W. and Heyer, A. G. (2017): Subcellular reprogramming of metabolism during cold acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant, Cell & Environment, 40(5): 602-610. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12836
Hu, M., Shi, Z., Zhang, Z. and Zhang, Y., Li, H. (2012): Effects of exogenous glucose on seed germination and antioxidant capacity in wheat seedlings under salt stress. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 68(2): 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-012-9705-3
Huang, C. W., Domec, J. C., Palmroth, S., Pockman, W. T., Litvak, M. E. and Katul, G. G. (2018): Transport in a coordinated soil-root-xylem-phloem leaf system. Advances in Water Resources, 119: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2018.06.002
Iakimova, E. T., Woltering, E. J. (2017): Xylogenesis in zinnia (Zinnia elegans) cell cultures: unraveling the regulatory steps in a complex developmental programmed cell death event. Planta, 245(4): 681-705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-017-2656-1
Jajic, I., Sarna, T. and Strzalka, K. (2015): Senescence, stress, and reactive oxygen species. Plants, 4(3): 393-411. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants4030393
Jalava, M. (1933): Suomalaisen männyn lujuusominaisuuksista. Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae, 18(7): 1-187.
Jansen, M. A., Hectors, K., O’brien, N. M., Guisez, Y. and Potters, G. (2008): Plant stress and human health: Do human consumers benefit from UV-B acclimated crops? Plant Science, 175(4): 449-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.04.010
Jansen, M. A., Hideg, É. and Lidon, F. J. (2012): UV-B radiation: when does the stressor cause stress? Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 24(6): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v24i6.15
Jayne, B. A. (1958): Effect of site and spacing on the specific gravity of wood of plantation grown red pine. Tappi, 41(4): 162-166.
Kalbina, I., Strid, Å. (2006): The role of NADPH oxidase and MAP kinase phosphatase in UV-B-dependent gene expression in Arabidopsis. Plant, Cell & Environment, 29(9): 1783-1793. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01555.x
Kärkkäinen, M. Dumell, O. (1983): Kuusipuun taivutuslujuuden riippuvuus tiheydestä ja vuosiluston leveydestä Etelä-ja Pohjois-Suomessa. Silva Fennica, 17(2): 123-135. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a15097
Klem, G. G. (1957). The quality of Norway spruce (Picea abies) of Norwegian and German origin. Meddeland Norske Skogforsoksv, 14: 285-315.
Kubler, H. (1991): Function of spiral grain in trees. Trees, 5(3): 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00204333
Kuhn, A. J., Schröder, W. H. and Bauch, J. (1997): On the distribution and transport of mineral elements in xylem, cambium and phloem of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.). Holzforschung-International Journal of the Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Wood, 51(6): 487-496. https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1997.51.6.487
Kürschner, K., Hoffer, A. (1929): Ein neues verfahren zur bestimmung der cellulose in hölzern und zellstoffen. Tech. Chem. Pap. Zellst. Fabr., 26: 125-129.
Lassila, J. (1931): Untersuchungen fiber den Eintluss des Waldtyps auf die Qualitit der Kiefer. Acta Forestalia Fennica, 37: 5. https://doi.org/10.14214/aff.7263
Li, X., Zhang, L., Li, Y., Ma, L., Bu, N. and Ma, C. (2012): Changes in photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in soybean seedlings exposed to UV-B radiation and/or Cd. Plant and Soil, 352(1-2): 377-387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-1003-8
Michalik, H. (1985): Effect of fertilization by macro and microelements on the content of dry matter, saccharides and carotene in carrot. Biuletyn Warzywniczy, 28: 141-165. (In Polish).
Mittler, R., Vanderauwera, S., Gollery, M. and Van Breusegem, F. (2004): Reactive oxygen gene network of plants. Trends Plant Science, 9(10): 1360-1385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2004.08.009
Moshchenskaya, Yu. L., Nikerova, K. M. (2016): Activity of sucrose dissimilating enzymes in early ontogeny in different forms of silver birch. Trans KarRC RAS, 11: 78-87. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17076/eb461
Moshchenskaya, Yu. L., Galibina, N. A., Topchieva, L. V. and Novitskaya, L. L. (2017): Expression of genes encoding sucrose synthase isoforms during anomalous xylogenesis in Karelian birch. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 64(4): 616-624. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443717030104
Moshchenskaya, Yu. L., Galibina, N. A., Novitskaya, L. L. and Nikerova, K. M. (2019): The role of sucrose synthase in sink organs of woody plants. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 66(1): 10-21. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443719010114
Moya, R., Pérez, D. (2008): Effects of physical and chemical soil properties on physical wood characteristics of Tectona grandis plantations in Costa Rica. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 20(4): 248-257.
Nawrot, M., Pazdrowski, W. and Szymański, M. (2008): Dynamics of heartwood formation and axial and radial distribution of sapwood and heartwood in stems of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.). Journal of Forest Science, 54(9): 409-417. https://doi.org/10.17221/30/2008-JFS
Nikerova, K. M., Galibina, N. A. (2017): The influence of nitrate on the peroxidase activity in tissues of Betula pendula Roth var. pendula and B. pendula var. carelica (Mercklin). Siberian Journal Forest Science, 1: 15-24. (In Russian).
Nikerova, K. M., Galibina, N. A., Moshchenskaya, Yu. L., Novitskaya, L. L., Podgornaya, M. N. and Sofronova, I. N. (2018): The antioxidant enzymes – indicators of different xylogenesis scenarios: in early ontogeny and in adult plants (example of Betula pendula Roth). Trans KarRC RAS, 11: 78-87. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17076/eb787
Nikerova, K. M., Galibina, N. A., Moshchenskaya, Yu. L., Novitskaya, L. L., Podgornaya, M. N. and Sofronova, I. N. (2019a): Contribution of catalase and peroxidase to xylogenesis of Karelian birch. Lesovedenie, 2: 115-127. (In Russian).
Nikerova, K. M., Galibina, N. A., Moshchenskaya, Yu. L., Novitskaya, L. L., Podgornaya, M. N. and Sofronova, I. N. (2019b): Determination of superoxide dismutase and polyphenol oxidase activity in Betula pendula var. carelica (Betulaceae) wood with different degree of xylogenesis disturbance. Rastitelnye Resursy, 55(2): 213-230. (In Russian).
Nikerova, K., Galibina, N., Moshchenskaya, Yu., Borodina, M., Sofronova, I. and Novitskaya, L. (2021, unpublished; under review): The antioxidant system enzymes activity increase as a biochemical indicator of Karelian birch abnormal xylogenesis. Trees.
Nikitin, A. V., Bruskova, R. K., Andreeva, T. M. and Izmailov, S. F. (2010): Effect of ammonia on sucrose synthase in pea roots Pisum sativum L. Russian Journal Plant Physiology, 57(1): 76-80. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443710010097
Nikitin, A. V., Izmailov, S. F. (2016): Enzymes of sucrose dissimilation as targets for nitrate in early ontogenesis of garden pea. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 63(1): 152-157. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443715060138
Nomura, T., Shiozawa, M., Ogita, S. and Kato, Y. (2013): Occurrence of hydroxycinnamoyl putrescines in xylogenic bamboo suspension cells. Plant Biotechnology, 30(5): 447-453. https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.13.0704a
Novitskaya, L. L. (2008): Karelian birch: Mechanisms of growth and development of structural abnormalities. Publishing House Verso, Petrozavodsk, 144 p. (In Russian).
Novitskaya, L. L., Kushnir, F. V. (2006): The role of sucrose in regulation of trunk tissue development in Betula pendula Roth. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 25: 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-004-0419-2
Novitskaya, L. L., Galibina, N. A. and Nikerova, K. M. (2015): Sugar transport and storage in the phloem of Betula pendula Roth var. pendula and var. carelica. Transactions of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Experimental Biology Series, 11: 35-47. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17076/eb216
Novitskaya, L., Nikolaeva, N., Galibina, N., Tarelkina, T. and Semenova, L. (2016): The greatest density of parenchyma inclusions in Karelian birch wood occurs at confluences of phloem flows. Silva Fennica, 50(3): 1461-1478. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1461
Novitskaya, L. L., Shulyakovskaya, T. A., Galibina, N. A. and Ilyinova, M. K. (2018): Membrane lipid composition upon normal and patterned wood formation in Betula pendula Roth. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 37(3): 958-970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-018-9794-y
Novitskaya, L. L., Tarelkina, T. V., Galibina, N. A., Moshchenskaya, Y.L., Nikolaeva, N. N., Nikerova, K. M., Podgornaya, M. N., Sofronova, I. N. and Semenova, L. I. (2020): The formation of structural abnormalities in Karelian birch wood is associated with auxin inactivation and disrupted basipetal auxin transport. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 39(1): 378-394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-019-09989-8
Obolenskaya, A. V., Elnitskaya, Z. P. and Leonovich, A. A. (1991): Laboratory works on chemistry of wood and cellulose. Ekologiya, Moscow, 1991, 320 p. (In Russian).
Paul, B. H. (1950): Wood quality in relation to site quality of second-growth Douglas-Fir. Journal of Forestry, 48(3): 175-179.
Paul, B. H. (1959) The effect of environmental factors on wood quality. Gen Tech Rep FPL US For Prod Lab Madison, pp. 1–47.
Pitre, F. E., Lafarguette, F., Boyle, B., Pavy, N., Caron, S., Dallaire, N. and Ly Lim, E. (2010): High nitrogen fertilization and stem leaning have overlapping effects on wood formation in poplar but invoke largely distinct molecular pathways. Tree Physiology, 30(10): 1273-1289. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpq073
Pokharel, B., Dech, J. P., Groot, A. and Pitt, D. (2014): Ecosite-based predictive modeling of black spruce (Picea mariana) wood quality attributes in boreal Ontario.Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 44(5): 465-475. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0252
Punches, J. (2004): Tree growth, forest management, and their implications for wood quality. https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/pnw576.pdf
Rikala, J. (2003): Spruce and pine on drained peatlands ʊ wood quality and suitability for the sawmill industry. University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Resource Management, 35: 147.
Ritter, E. (2007): Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in volcanic soils following afforestation with native birch (Betula pubescens) and introduced larch (Larix sibirica) in Iceland. Plant and Soil, 295(1-2): 239-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9279-4
Robertson, D., Beech, I. and Bolwell, G. P. (1995): Regulation of the enzymes of UDP-sugar metabolism during differentiation of French bean. Phytochemistry, 39(1): 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00874-S
Ruan, Y. L., Llewellyn, D. J. and Furbank, R. T. (2003): Suppression of sucrose synthase gene expression repressescotton fiber cell initiation, elongation, and seed development. The Plant Cell Online, 15(4): 952-964. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.010108
Saranpää, P. (1983): Puuaineen tiheyden ja vuosiluston leveyden vaikutus kuusen iskutaivutuslujuuteen Etelä-ja Pohjois-Suomessa. Silva Fennica, 17(4): 381-388. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a15182
Savidge, R. A. (1996): Xylogenesis, genetic and environmental regulation. JAWA Journal, 17(3): 269-310. https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001580
Sin'kevich, M. S., Deryabin, A. N. and Trunova, T. I. (2009): Characteristics of oxidative stress in potato plants with modified carbohydrate metabolism. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 56(2): 168-174. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443709020046
Solheim, B., Johanson, U., Callaghan, T. V., Lee, J. A., Gwynn-Jones, D. and Björn, L. O. (2002): The nitrogen fixation potential of arctic cryptogram species is influenced by enhanced UV-B radiation. Oecologia, 133(1): 90-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-0963-z
Song, D., Shen, J., Li, L. (2010): Characterization of cellulose synthase complexes in Populus xylem differentiation. New Phytology, 187(3): 777-790. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03315.x
Steffens, J. C., Harel, E. and Hunt, M. D. (1994): Polyphenol oxidase. In: Genetic engineering of plant secondary metabolism. Springer, Boston, pp. 275–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2544-8_11
Sudachkova, N. E., Milyutina, I. L., Romanova L. I. and Semenova, G. P. (2004): The annual dynamics of reserve compounds and hydrolytic enzyme activity in the tissues of Pinus sylvestris L. and Larix sibirica Lebed. Eurasian Journal of Forest Research, 7(1): 1-10.
Tan, K. H. (2005): Soil sampling, preparation, and analysis. CRC press, 672 p. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482274769
Thipyapong, P., Hunt, M. D. and Steffens, J. C. (2004): Antisense downregulation of polyphenol oxidase results in enhanced disease susceptibility. Planta, 220(1): 105-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-004-1330-6
Tombesi, L., Calè, M. T. and Tiborne, B. (1969): Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on the assimilation capacity of Beta vulgaris chloroplasts (I). Plant and Soil, 31(1): 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01373027
Uusvaara, O. (1974): Wood quality in plantation grown Scots pine. Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae, 80(2): 1-105.
Velling, P. (1976): Mänty-ja kuusiprovenienssien puuaineen tiheyden vaihtelusta. Folia Forestalia, 257: 1-32.
Wellen, K. E., Thompson, C. B. (2010): Cellular metabolic stress: considering how cells respond to nutrient excess. Molecular Cell, 40(2): 323-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2010.10.004
Wellwood, R.W. (1952): The effect of several variables on the specific gravity of second-growth Douglas fir. The Forestry Chronicle, 28(3): 34-42. https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc28034-3
Wilson, I. D., Neill, S. J. and Hancock, J. T. (2008): Nitric oxide synthesis and signaling in plants. Plant, Cell and Environment, 31(5): 622-631. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01761.x
Wind, C., Arend, M. and Fromm, J. (2004): Potassium dependent cambial growth in poplar. Plant Biology, 6(1): 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-815738
Xu, C., Natarajan, S. and Sullivan, J. H. (2008): Impact of solar ultraviolet-B radiation on the antioxidant defense system in soybean lines differing in flavonoid contents. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 63(1-3): 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2007.10.029
Zbieć, I., Gurgul, E. and Karczmarczyk, S. (1986): Peroxidase and catalase activities in leaves of plants irrigated and fertilized with nitrogen. Zeszyty naukowe Akademii Rolniczej w Szczecinie, 125: 175-180. (In Polish).
Zbieć, I., Karczmarczyk, S., Kowalski, W., Friedrich, S. and Gurgul, E. (1989): Influence of water supply and mineral fertilizers on maize growth, structure of dyestuffs and activity of some enzymes in leaves. Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych, 343: 101-109. (In Polish).
Zu, Y. G., Pang, H. H., Yu, J. H., Li, D. W., Wei, X. X., Gao, Y. X. and Tong, L. (2010): Responses in the morphology, physiology and biochemistry of Taxus chinensis var. mairei grown under supplementary UV-B radiation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 98(2): 152-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.12.001
IUSS Working Group WRB (2015): World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, update 2015. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources. Reports, 106. FAO, Rome.
TAPPI (T222 om-11) (2011) Acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp, TAPPI Press, Atlanta, GA.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright © 2020 Czech Polar Reports