The Role Of Parent-Initiated Motivational Climate In The Development Of Overtraining Syndrome In Adolescent Elite Athletes: A Review Study
Vol.11,No.1(2017)
Parents are not only gatekeepers to sport, they have a significant influence on how a young athlete perceives and interprets the sport experience. Their influence is mediated through the parent-initiated motivational climate and is not limited to the sport environment, but also to non-sport environment. The quality of parent-child relationships is considered to be a predictor of motivation and a level of perceived stress and enjoyment of activities in young athlete. It is supposed that overtraining is multifactorial in nature and that non-sport stress may be a contributing factor. The main purpose of this study is to review empirical research examining the parent-initiated motivational climate in the context of youth elite sport and its potential influence on young elite athletes. Moreover, the study provides theoretical background of the parent-initiated motivational climate in the context of sport participation. This study reviewed empirical research works of quantitative and qualitative research design. From all searched works from 1992 to 2016, fourteen studies fulfilled set requirements. Two qualitative studies focusing on the parent-initiated motivational climate and its relation to overtraining were discovered. These studies supported the assumption that non-sport stress contributed in the development of overtraining. Even though no research studies with quantitative research design examining this relationship were revealed, they supported the relationship between parent-initiated motivational climate and psychological outcomes associated with sport participation, such as maladaptive behavioural patterns, that are considered to be risks factors to overtraining.
parent; motivational climate; overtraining; youth sport; sport participation; performance
Andersen, M. B., & Hanrahan, S. J. (Eds.). (2014). Doing exercise psychology. Human Kinetics. Bloom, B.S. (Ed.) (1985). Developing talent in young people. NY: Ballantine.
Brenner, J. S. (2007). Overuse injuries, overtraining, and burnout in child and adolescent athletes. Pediatrics, 119(6), 1242–1245.https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-0887
Capranica, L., & Millard-Stafford, M. L. (2011). Youth sport specialization: how to manage competition and training.International journal of sports physiology and performance, 6(4), 572–579.
Carter, J. G., Potter, A. W., & Brooks, K. A. (2014). Overtraining syndrome: causes, consequences, and methods for prevention.Journal of Sport and Human Performance, 2(1).
Côté, J. (1999). The influence of the family in the development of talent in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 395–417.https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.4.395
Côté, J., & Hay, J. (2002). Family influences on youth sport performance and participation. In J. M. Silva and D. Stevens (Eds.),Psychological foundations of sport (pp. 503–519). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Dovalil, J. (2004). Olympismus. Praha: Olympia.
Duda, J. L. (1996). Maximizing motivation in sport and physical education among children and adolescents: The case for greater task involvement. Quest, 48(3), 290–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.1996.10484198
Faigenbaum, A. D. (2009). Overtraining in young athletes: How much is too much? ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal, 13(4), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1249/FIT.0b013e3181aae0a0
Force, E. C. (2011). The parent-initiated task motivational climate and factors influencing eighth grade boys’ intention to continue sports (Disertation). North Texas.
Fraser-Thomas, J., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2008). Examining adolescent sport dropout and prolonged engagement from a developmental perspective. Journal of applied sport psychology, 20(3), 318–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200802163549
Fry, R. W., Morton, A. R., & Keast, D. (1991). Overtraining in athletes. Sports Medicine, 12(1), 32–65. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199112010-00004
Gould, D., Horn, T. & Spreeman, J. (1983). Sources of stress in junior elite wrestlers. Journal of Sport Psychology, 5: 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.5.2.159
Gould, D., Lauer, L., Rolo, C., Jannes, C., & Pennisi, N. (2006). Understanding the role parents play in tennis success: a national survey of junior tennis coaches. British journal of sports medicine, 40(7), 632–636. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.024927
Gustafsson, H., Hill, A. P., Stenling, A., & Wagnsson, S. (2015). Profiles of perfectionism, parental climate, and burnout among competitive junior athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports.
Hedstrom, R., & Gould, D. (2004). Research in youth sports: Critical issues status. Michigan: Michigan State University, 1–42.
Hellstedt, J. C. (1995). Invisible players: A family systems model. In S. M. Murphy (Ed.), Sport psychology interventions (pp. 117–146). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Hodaň, B. (2007). Sociokulturní kinantropologie II. Olomouc: UP.
Holt, N. L., Tamminen, K. A., Black, D. E., Mandigo, J. L., & Fox, K. R. (2009). Youth sport parenting styles and practices. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 31(1), 37–59. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.1.37
Jayanthi, N., Pinkham, C., Dugas, L., Patrick, B., & LaBella, C. (2012). Sports specialization in young athletes evidence-based recommendations. Sports health: a multidisciplinary approach, 1941738112464626.
Kavussanu, M., White, S. A., Jowett, S., & England, S. (2011). Elite and non-elite male footballers differ in goal orientation and perceptions of parental climate. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(3), 284–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2011.614854
Keegan, R. J., Harwood, C. G., Spray, C. M., & Lavallee, D. E. (2009). A qualitative investigation exploring the motivational climate in early career sports participants: Coach, parent and peer influences on sport motivation. Psychology of sport and exercise, 10(3), 361–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.12.003
Keegan, R. J., Harwood, C. G., Spray, C. M., & Lavallee, D. (2014). A qualitative investigation of the motivational climate in elite sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.006
Kenttä, G., & Hassmén, P. (1998). Overtraining and recovery. Sports medicine, 26(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199826010-00001
Krane, V., Snow, J., & Greenleaf, C. A. (1997). Reaching for gold and the price of glory: A motivational case study of an elite gymnast. The sport psychologist, 11(1), 53–71. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.11.1.53
Lee, M.J. & MacLean, S. (1997). Sources of parental pressure among age group swimmers. European Journal of Physical Education, 2: 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/1740898970020204
Machado de Matos, N. F. (2010). Overtraining and burnout in young English athletes (Doctoral dissertation, University of Exeter).
MacKinnon, L. T. (2000). Overtraining effects on immunity and performance in athletes. Immunology and cell biology, 78(5), 502–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1711.2000.t01-7-.x
Matos, N. F., Winsley, R. J., & Williams, C. A. (2011). Prevalence of non-functional overreaching/overtraining in young English athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 43(7), 1287–94. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318207f87b
Meehan, H. L., Bull, S. J., Wood, D. M., & James, D. V. (2004). The overtraining syndrome: A multicontextual assessment. The Sport Psychologist, 18(2), 154–171. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.18.2.154
Meeusen, R., Duclos, M., Foster, C., Fry, A., Gleeson, M., Nieman, D., … & Urhausen, A. (2013). Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). European Journal of Sport Science, 13(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.730061
Myrick, K. M. (2015). Overtraining and overreaching syndrome in athletes. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 11(10), 1018–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2015.08.038
Ntoumanis, N., & Biddle, S. J. (1999). A review of motivational climate in physical activity. Journal of sports sciences, 17(8), 643–665. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404199365678
O’Rourke, D. J., Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Cumming, S. P. (2011). Trait anxiety in young athletes as a function of parental pressure and motivational climate: is parental pressure always harmful? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23(4), 398–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2011.552089
O’Rourke, D. J., Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Cumming, S. P. (2012). Parent-initiated motivational climate, self-esteem, and autonomous motivation in young athletes: Testing propositions from achievement goal and self-determination theories. Child Development Research, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/393914
O’Rourke, D. J., Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Cumming, S. P. (2013). Parent-initiated motivational limate and young athletes intrinsic-extrinsic motivation: cross-sectional and longitudinal relations. Journal of Child and Adolescent Behavior, 1–8.
O’Rourke, D. J., Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Cumming, S. P. (2014). Relations of parent-and coach-initiated motivational climates to young athletes’ self-esteem, performance anxiety, and autonomous motivation: who is more influential? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26(4), 395–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2014.907838
Papaioannou, A. (1994). Development of a questionnaire to measure achievement orientations in physical education. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 65(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1994.10762203
Papaioannou, A. (1995). Differential perceptual and motivational patterns when different goals are adopted. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 18–34. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.17.1.18
Reinboth, M., & Duda, J. L. (2004). The motivational climate, perceived ability, and athletes’ psychological and physical well-being. The Sport Psychologist, 18(3), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.18.3.237
Roberts, G. C., & Treasure, D. C. (1993). The importance of the study of children in sport: An overview. Coaching children in sport: Principles and practice, 1–16.
Sekot, A. (2014). Sociologie sportu: aktuální problémy. Brno: Masarykova univerzita.
Seifriz, J. J., Duda, J. L., & Chi, L. (1992). The relationship of perceived motivational climate to intrinsic motivation and beliefs about success in basketball. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 14(4), 375–391.https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.14.4.375
Schwebel, F. J. (2015). Comparing the relative impact of parent-and coach-initiated motivational climates on young athletes’ self-esteem, performance anxiety, and achievement goal orientation (Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington).
Sims, S. (2001). The Overtraining Syndrome and Endurance Athletes. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 23(1), 45.
Smucny, M., Parikh, S. N., & Pandya, N. K. (2015). Consequences of single sport specialization in the pediatric and adolescent athlete. Orthopedic Clinics of North America, 46(2), 249–258.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocl.2014.11.004
Stroebel, L. C. E. (2006). Parental involvement in sport: Perceptions of competitive adolescent swimmers (Doctoral dissertation, University of the Free State).
Tenenbaum, G., Jones, C. M., Kitsantas, A., Sacks, D. N., & Berwick, J. P. (2003). Failure adaptation: psychological conceptualization of the stress response process in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 34(1), 1–26.
Walling, M. D., Duda, J. L., & Chi, L. (1993). The perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire: Construct and predictive validity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(2), 172–183.https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.15.2.172
Weigand, D., Carr, S., Petherick, C., & Taylor, A. (2001). Motivational climate in sport and physical education: The role of significant others. European Journal of Sport Science, 1(4), 1–13.
White, S. A. (1998). Adolescent goal profiles, perceptions of the parent-initiated motivational climate, and competitive trait anxiety. The Sport Psychologist, 12(1), 16–28.https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.12.1.16
White, S. A., Duda, J. L., & Hart, S. (1992). An exploratory examination of the parent-initiated motivational climate questionnaire. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 75(3), 875–880.
White, S. A., & Zellner, S. R. (1996). The relationship between goal orientation, beliefs about the causes of sport success, and trait anxiety among high school, intercollegiate, and recreational sport participants. The Sport Psychologist, 10(1), 58–72.https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.10.1.58
Wiersma, L. D. (2000). Risks and benefits of youth sport specialization: Perspectives and recommendations. Pediatric Exercise Science, 12(1), 13–22.https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.12.1.13
Winsley, R., & Matos, N. (2010). Overtraining and elite young athletes. In: Armstrong N., McManus A.M. (eds): The elite young athlete. Med Sport Sci. Basel (Vol. 56, pp. 97–105). Karger Publishers.
Wiese-Bjornstal, D. M., Lavoi, N. M. & Omli, J. (2009). Child and adolescent development and sport participation, in Sport Psychology (ed. B. W. Brewer), Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444303650.ch10
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright © 2017 Studia sportiva