Rovesnícke učenie pri riešení problémovej úlohy u detí predškolského veku

Bd.32,Nr.2(2022)

Abstract

Príspevok sa zaoberá výskumom spoločného riešenia úlohy u detí v pred­školskom veku v podobe tzv. rovesníckeho učenia (peer tutoring). V rámci empirické­ho výskumu sme sledovali dvojice detí, ktoré spolupracovali na riešení problémovej úlohy, ktorá spočívala v zložení skladačky podľa predlohy. Výskumný súbor tvorilo 20 detí, ktoré boli zaradené do dvojíc na základe veku, pričom každú dvojicu tvorilo jedno 4-ročné a jedno 6-ročné dieťa. Deti v spolupracujúcej dvojici mali stanovené rozdielne úlohy – staršie, skúsenejšie dieťa malo pomáhať mladšiemu, menej skúse­nému dieťaťu pri riešení úlohy vždy, keď toto dieťa potrebovalo pomoc. Pri analýze sme sledovali spôsob, ako mladšie dieťa pristupovalo k riešeniu úlohy, a tiež typy po­moci a spôsob ich komunikácie zo strany staršieho dieťaťa – pomocníka. Výsledky analýzy ukázali, že staršie deti volili tak neverbálne postupy pomoci (demonštrácie správneho postupu, napríklad v podobe odstránenia prekážky – nesprávne umiest­neného dielu skladačky, či správneho umiestnenia dielu skladačky, ktoré bolo potreb­né na uskutočnenie nasledujúceho kroku; ukázanie prstom), ako aj rôzne verbálne komunikačné stratégie pomoci (špecifické usmernenia v činnosti; povzbudenia k čin­nosti; potvrdenia správnosti vykonaného kroku). Mladšie deti sa snažili pristupovať k riešeniu problémovej úlohy samostatne, len zriedkavo využívajúc predlohu. Vý­sledky sú zaujímavé z hľadiska implementácie kooperatívneho učenia a vzdelávania v predškolskom vzdelávaní.


Schlagworte:
rovesnícke učenie, spolupráca, dieťa v predškolskom veku, riešenie problémovej úlohy
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