Wales po devoluci: budování výlučného regionu a role Evropské unie v tomto procesu

Roč.14,č.4(2012)

Jiří Mertl

PDF HTML
Abstrakt
This paper deals with the issue of building Wales as a unique region in the context of the European Union and its resources. The author focuses on the period after 1999, i.e. the time when devolution took place and when official Welsh representatives emerged via the National Assembly for Wales (NAW). Since then, Wales has entered into cooperation with the EU, in order to gain access to resources provided by the Union. The cooperation is however of a specific kind, since officially, Welsh representatives have to communicate with the EU through the political representation of Great Britain. Nevertheless, by acting informally, Welsh representatives manage to avoid the British government in relevant contexts and communicate with the EU directly. In this way, they are able to exploit the formal and informal rules for their advantage (i.e. for building Wales as a unique region). The main purpose of this text is to show that the case of Wales can be replicated by any region that has official political representation, even if it has only weak representative institutions and has to deal with limitations posed by the existence of a central government.

Klíčová slova:
Devolution; European Union; Nationalism; Regionalism; Wales;
Biografie autora

Jiří Mertl

Kontakt: Katedra politologie a mezinárodních vztahů, Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, Avalon Business Center, Poděbradova 2842/1, 30100 Plzň 3. E-mail: jmertl@kap.zcu.cz; jiri.mertl@seznam.cz.
Reference

Anderson, B. (2006): Imagined Communities, New York, Verso.
Andrews, L. (2006): The National Assembly for Wales and Broadcasting Policy, 1999-2003, Media, Culture & Society, roč. 28, č. 2, s. 191-210.
BBC (http://www.bbc.co.uk), [cit. 12. 10. 2011].
Becker, H. (1966): Outsiders, New York, Free Press.
Billig, M. (2002): Banal Nationalism, London, Sage.
Bond, R.; McCrone, D.; Brown, A. (2003): National Identity and Economic Development: Reiteration, Recapture, Reinterpretation and Repudiation, Nations and Nationalism, roč. 9, č. 3, s. 371–391.
Bourne, A. K. (2003): The Impact of European Integration on Regional Power, Journal of Common Market Studies, roč. 41, č. 4, s. 597-620.
Bradbury, J.; Andrews, R. (2010): State Devolution and National Identity: Continuity and Change in the Politics of Welshness and Britishness in Wales, Parliamentary Affairs, roč. 63, č. 2, s. 229-249.
Bulmer, S.; Burch, M.; Hogwood, P.; Scott, A. (2006): UK Devolution and the European Union: A Tale of Cooperative Asymmetry?, Publius, roč. 36, č. 1, s. 75-93.
CALRE (2012): Reglamento de la CALRE, Oviedo, Conference of European Regional Legislative Assemblies, on-line verze (http://www.calrenet.eu/upload/2012/Organizational_Rules_ES.pdf), [cit. 15. 6. 2012].
Carl, J. (2003): European Integration and Multiple Identities: Changing Allegiances in Post-Devolution UK?, Perspectives on European Politics and Society, roč. 4, č. 3, s. 475-500.
Caviedes, A. (2003): The Role of Language in Nation-Building within the European Union, Dialectical Anthropology, roč. 27, č. 3-4, s. 249-268.
Cole, A. (2004): Devolution and Decentralization in Wales and Brittany: A Framework for Evaluation, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, roč. 28, č. 2, s. 354-368.
Coupland, N.; Bishop, H; Evans, B.; Garrett, P. (2006): Imagining Wales and the Welsh Language: Ethnolinguistic Subjectivities and Demographic Flow, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, roč. 25, č. 4, s. 351-376.
Evans, A. (2003): Regional Dimensions to European Governance, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, roč. 52, č. 1, s. 21-51.
Fox, J. E.; Miller-Idriss, C. (2008): Everyday Nationhood, Ethnicities, roč. 8. č. 4, s. 536-576.
Fuller-Love, N.; Midmore, P.; Thomas, D.; Henley, A. (2006): Entrepreneurship and Rural Economic Development: A Scenario Analysis Approach, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, roč. 12, č. 5, s. 289-305.
Gellner, E. (1983): Nations and Nationalism, Oxford, Blackwell.
Gore, T. (2008): Collaborative Governance and Territorial Rescaling in the UK: A Comparative Study of Two EU Structural Funds Programmes, GeoJournal, roč. 72, č. 1-2, s. 59-73.
Gupta, D. (2008): Nationalism Across Borders: Transnational Nationalist Advocacy in the European Union, Comparative European Politics, roč. 6, č. 1, s. 61-80.
Haesly, R. (2001): Euroskeptics, Europhiles and Instrumental Europeans: European Attachment in Scotland and Wales, European Union Politics, roč. 2, č. 1, s. 81-102.
Hamilton, P. (2004): Converging Nationalisms: Québec, Scotland, and Wales in Comparative Perspective, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, roč. 10, č. 4, s. 657-685.
Harris, J. (2007): Cool Cymru, Rugby Union and an Imagined Community, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, roč. 27, č. 3/4, s. 151-162.
Hogwood, P.; Carter, C.; Bulmer S.; Burch M.; Scott A. (2000): Devolution and EU Policy Making: The Territorial Challenge, Public Policy and Administration, roč. 15, č. 2, s. 81-95.
Horgan, G. (2003): Devolution and Intergovernmental Relations: The Emergence of Intergovernmental Affairs Agencies, Public Policy and Administration, roč. 18, č. 3, s. 12-24.
Howell K. (2003): Developing Self and Other Recognition: Political Identity in the National Assembly for Wales, Public Policy and Administration, roč. 18, č. 2, s. 89-105.
Jones, R. – Fowler, C. (2007): National Élites, National Masses: Oral History and the (re)production of the Welsh Nation, Social & Cultural Geography, roč. 8, č. 3, s. 417-432.
Keck, M. A. – Sikkink, K. (2002): Transnational Advocacy Networks in International and Regional Politics, International Social Science Journal, roč. 51, č. 159, s. 89-101.
Kim, N. (2005): The End of Britain?: Challenges from Devolution, European Integration, and Multiculturalism, Journal of International and Area Studies, roč. 12, č. 1, s. 61-79.
Lempp, J. – Altenschmidt, J. (2008): The Prevention of Deadlock through Informal Processes of ‘Supranationalization’: The Case of Coreper, European Integration, roč. 30, č. 4, s. 511-526.
Mann, R. (2007): Negotiating the Politics of Language, Ethnicities, roč. 7, č. 2, s. 208-224.
McLean, I. – McMillan, A. (2003): The Distribution of Public Expenditure Across the UK Regions, Fiscal Studies, roč. 24, č. 1, s. 45-71.
Merriman, P. – Jones R. (2009): ‚Symbols of Justice‘: the Welsh Language Society’s Campaign for Bilingual Road Signs in Wales, 1967-1980, Journal of Historical Geography, roč. 35, č. 2, s. 350-375.
Mooney, G. – Williams Ch. (2006): Forging New ‚Ways of Life‘? Social Policy and Nation Building in Devolved Scotland and Wales, Critical Social Policy, roč. 26, č. 3, s. 608-629.
Moore, C. (2006): Conflicts in Representing the Regions in Brussels: The Case of Wales, Regional Studies, roč. 40, č. 7, s. 793-799.
Morgan, K. (2006): Devolution and Development: Territorial Justice and the North-South Divide, Publius, roč. 36, č. 1, s. 189-206.
Nagel, K. (2004): Transcending the National / Asserting the National: How Stateless Nations like Scotland, Wales and Catalonia React to European Integration, Australian Journal of Politics and History, roč. 50, č. 1, s. 57-74.
Parry, R. (2004): The Civil Service and Intergovernmental Relations, Public Policy and Administration, roč. 19, č. 2, s. 50-63.
Phillips, D. (2000): The History of the Welsh Language Society 1962-1998, Jenkins G.; Williams M. (eds.), ‚Let’s do our best for the ancient tongue‘: The Welsh Language in the Twentieth Century, Cardiff, University of Wales Press.
Plaid Cymru – the Party of Wales (http://www.plaidcymru.org), [cit. 28. 8. 2010].
The Greens/European Free Alliance (http://www.greens-efa.eu), [cit. 7. 11. 2012].
Van Morgan, S. (2006): Language Politics and Regional Nationalist Mobilization in Galicia and Wales, Ethnicities, roč. 6, č. 4, s. 451-475.
Welsh Assembly Government (2003): National Action Plan for a Bilingual Wales, Cardiff, Welsh Assembly Government, on-line verze (http://wales.gov.uk/depc/publications/welshlanguage/iaithpawb/iaithpawbe.pdf?lang=en), [cit. 28. 11. 2011].
Welsh Assembly Government (2005): Wales: A Vibrant Economy, Cardiff, Welsh Assembly Government, on-line verze (http://wales.gov.uk/deet/publications/bande/wave/wavee.pdf?lang=en), [cit. 28. 11. 2011].
Welsh Assembly Government (2007): One Wales: A Progressive Agenda for the Government of Wales, Cardiff, Welsh Assembly Government, on-line verze (http://wales.gov.uk/strategy/strategies/onewales/onewalese.pdf?lang=en), [cit. 28. 11. 2011].
Welsh Assembly Government (2009): Wales and the European Union: A Strategy for the Welsh Assembly Government, Cardiff, Welsh Assembly Government, on-line verze (http://wales.gov.uk/docs//dfm/publications/international/090513walesandtheeuropeanunionastrategyforthewelshassemblygovernmenten.pdf), [cit. 28. 11. 2011].
Welsh Assembly Government (2010): Iaith Pawb and Welsh Language Scheme Annual Report 2009-10, Cardiff, Welsh Assembly Government, on-line verze (http://wales.gov.uk/docs/drah/report/20100713iaithpawbandwlsannualreport2009-10eng.pdf), [cit. 28. 11. 2011].
Welsh Assembly Government (2011a): The Programme for Government 2011-2016, Cardiff, Welsh Assembly Government, on-line verze (http://wales.gov.uk/docs/strategies/110928fullen.pdf), [cit. 28. 11. 2011].
Welsh Assembly Government (2011b): Draft Budget Proposals 2012-2013, Cardiff, Welsh Assembly Government, on-line verze (http://wales.gov.uk/docs/finance/report/111004motionen.pdf), [cit. 15. 6. 2012].
Welsh Assembly Government (2012): A Living Language: A Language for Living, Cardiff, Welsh Assembly Government, on-line verze (http://wales.gov.uk/docs/dcells/publications/122902wls201217en.pdf), [cit. 15. 6. 2012].
Welsh European Funding Office – Approved Project (http://www.wefoprojects.wales.gov.uk), [cit. 16. 6. 2012].
Welsh European Funding Office (http://wefo.wales.gov.uk), [cit. 1. 9. 2010].
Welsh Higher Education Brussels (http://www.wheb.ac.uk), [cit. 1. 9. 2010].
Welsh Language and Heritage Centre (http://nantgwrtheyrn.org), [cit. 1. 9. 2010].
Welsh Local Government Association (http://www.wlga.gov.uk), [cit. 2. 9. 2010].
Wyn Jones, R. (2009): From Utopia to reality: Plaid Cymru and Europe, Nations and Nationalism, roč. 15, č. 1, s. 129-147.

Metriky

432

Views

82

PDF views

221

HTML views

Creative Commons License

Tato práce je licencována pod Mezinárodní licencí Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 .

Copyright © 2012 Jiří Mertl

PDF HTML